Total cardiovascular risk management

Hypertension usually clusters with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as insulin resistance, visceral obesity, and dyslipidemia, greatly increasing an individual's risk for cardiovascular morbidity and death. Despite universal recognition that reduction in blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors is essential to improving long-term cardiovascular health, < 25% of patients diagnosed with hypertension have adequate blood pressure control. Total cardiovascular risk is increased in the presence of risk factors, target organ damage, comorbid conditions, and the metabolic syndrome and may, to some extent, be prenatally determined. Individuals with '' borderline '' normal blood pressure and blood glucose are also at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, giving rise to the concept of individuals with '' prehypertension '' and '' prediabetes.'' International treatment guidelines are now incorporating the concept of global cardiovascular risk assessment and management to improve long-term outcomes. Multifactorial intervention has proved to be highly effective at reducing cardiovascular risk and events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and studies suggest that reducing an array of risk factors by relatively small amounts can be more beneficial than achieving large reductions in a single risk factor. Clearly, isolated treatment of hypertension is no longer sufficient; risk factors and target organ damage need to be actively searched for and treated if long-term cardiovascular health is to be improved. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.