Application of in-situ characterization techniques in all-solid-state lithium batteries

In recent years, mobile consumer electronics and electric vehicles have been developing rapidly, and they have been hunting for lithium batteries with high energy density, high safety and stability, to alleviate the range anxiety and improve their stability over long term operations. These make all-solid-state lithium batteries very attractive and they have been under intense investigations. However, the development of high-performance all-solid-state lithium batteries requires an in-depth understanding of their charge and discharge mechanism, their degradation process, along with the evolution of the microstructures, phase compositions, chemical states and their distributions, etc., inside the battery and at the interface. This paper summarizes the basic principles, functions, and the representative advances in investigation of the dynamics and failure mechanism of electrode materials and interfaces in solid-state lithium batteries under working conditions, with typical in -situ characterization techniques, including in-situ microscopy (in-situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM)), in-situ X-ray techniques (in -situ X-ray diffraction (XRD)), in-situ Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in -situ near-edge structure X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES), in situ X-ray tomography), in -situ neutron techniques (in -situ neutron diffraction (ND), in -situ neutron depth profiling (NDP)) and in -situ spectroscopies (in -situ Raman spectroscopy, in -situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and in -situ nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)), etc. We also discussed the application of future advanced in-situ characterization techniques in the investigation of all-solid-state lithium batteries.