Child development and the human-companion animal bond

Companion animals are more common in households with minor children than in any other household type. More than 70% of U.S. households with children also have pets, with most parents reporting acquisition of an animal ''for the children." Yet, studies of children's development largely have been limited to children's relationships with other humans. This article argues for a biocentric approach to development, in which children's contacts with the non-human world-animals, plants, and natural ecologies-come under scientific scrutiny. To understand the developmental significance of this ubiquitous aspect of children's environments, theory and research on companion animals in relation to perceptual, cognitive, social and emotional development are reviewed and evaluated The significance of children's encounters with animals, especially in the context of a human-companion animal bond, is emphasized Biocentric research directions are described.