Rethinking "Catholic Reform" and "Counter-Reformation": What Happened in Early Modern Catholicism-a View from Italy

There are now a number of ways to describe the phenomena which come under the umbrella of innovations in Roman Catholicism in the early modem period including "Counter Reformation"; "Catholic Reformation" and "Early Modern Catholicism." After a brief survey of the various labels used by scholars over the last half century or more, this article seeks to rehabilitate the use of the label "Counter Reformation" in the light, particularly, of the determining role played by the Holy Office (aka Roman Inquisition) in shaping the Catholic Church down to Vatican II (1962-65). A key role in this was played by Gian Pietro Carafa, who was made head of the congregation of the Holy Office at its foundation in 1542 and who became pope as Paul IV in 1555. During the key decades from the 1540s to 1570s the Inquisition in Rome set the agenda and by means, not only, of a series of trials of prominent members of the clerical establishment whom they regarded as their enemies, succeeded in intimidating their opponents. In doing so they also subverted episcopal authority, whose strengthening had been a watchword at the Council of Trent.