Effects of imidazoline I2 receptor ligands on morphine- and tramadol-induced antinociception in rats

Currently available analgesics cannot meet the increasing clinical needs and new analgesics with better therapeutic profiles are in great demand. The imidazoline I-2 receptor is an emerging drug target for analgesics. However, few studies have examined the effects of selective I-2 receptor ligands on the antinociceptive activity of opioids. This study examined the antinociceptive effects of the opioids morphine (0.1-10 mg/kg) and tramadol (3.2-56 mg/kg), the nonselective I-2 receptor ligand agmatine (10-100 mg/kg), and the selective I-2 receptor ligands 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (2-BFI: 1-10 mg/kg) and 2-(4, 5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl) quinoline hydrochloride (BU224; 1-10 mg/kg), alone and in combination, in a warm water tail withdrawal procedure in rats. Morphine and tramadol but not agmatine, 2-BFI or BU224 increased tail withdrawal latency in a dose-related manner at 48 degrees C water. Agmatine and 2-BFI but not BU224 dose-dependently enhanced the antinociceptive effects of morphine and tramadol, shifting the dose-effect curves of morphine and tramadol leftward. The enhancement of agmatine and 2-BFI on morphine and tramadol antinociception was prevented by BU224. These results, combined with the fact that BU224 and 2-BFI share similar behavioral effects under other conditions, suggest that BU224 has lower efficacy than 2-BFI at I-2 receptors, and that the enhancement of opioid antinociception by I-2 receptor ligands depends on their efficacies. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.