Electronic States with Nontrivial Topology in Dirac Materials

The theoretical studies of phase states with a linear dispersion of the spectrum of low-energy electron excitations have been reviewed. Some main properties and methods of experimental study of these states in so-called Dirac materials have been discussed in detail. The results of modern studies of symmetry-protected electronic states with nontrivial topology have been reported. Combination of approaches based on geometry with homotopic topology methods and results of condensed matter physics makes it possible to clarify new features of topological insulators, as well as Dirac and Weyl semimetals.