Comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity of cadmium in rat liver cells cultured in serum-containing medium and commercially available serum-free medium

Cadmium (Cd) is an industrial pollutant and carcinogenic metal. Most in vitro Cd toxicity studies have been carried out in various cell lines cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing medium. In this report, we compared the toxic effect of Cd (0-300 mu M) on cell growth, total RNA, total proteins, and antioxidant enzymes in rat normal liver cells cultured in medium with 10% FBS or commercially available serum-free medium for 4 or 8 hours. With Cd concentration at above 100 mu M, the total levels of RNA, protein and cell growth decreased in serum-containing medium, while their levels increased in serum-free medium compared to the controls. The glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase levels were lower in serum-free medium than in serum-containing medium, indicating less oxidative stress in cells grown in serum-free medium. These results clearly suggest that Cd showed higher toxicity to liver cells grown in serum-containing medium in comparison to commercially available serum-free medium. It is speculated that albumin and other substances present in commercial serum-free medium chelated Cd and thereby protected these cells against Cd toxicity. Even under in vivo conditions, cadmium enters into various organs after passing through blood which contains serum. Based on these studies, it appears that media containing serum may be ideal for in vivo toxicity correlation studies with animal cells.