SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Extrapolation for COVID Diagnosis and Vaccine Development

被引:14
作者
Malik, Yashpal S. [1 ,2 ]
Kumar, Prashant [3 ]
Ansari, Mohd Ikram [1 ,4 ]
Hemida, Maged G. [5 ,6 ]
El Zowalaty, Mohamed E. [7 ]
Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed S. [8 ,9 ]
Ganesh, Balasubramanian [10 ]
Salajegheh, Sina [11 ,12 ]
Natesan, Senthilkumar [13 ]
Sircar, Shubhankar [1 ]
Safdar, Muhammad [14 ]
Vinodhkumar, O. R. [15 ]
Duarte, Phelipe M. [16 ]
Patel, Shailesh K. [17 ]
Klein, Jorn [16 ,18 ]
Rahimi, Parastoo [12 ]
Dhama, Kuldeep [17 ]
机构
[1] ICAR Indian Vet Res Inst, Div Biol Standardizat, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
[2] Guru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Coll Anim Biotechnol, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
[3] Amity Univ, Amity Inst Virol & Immunol, Noida, India
[4] Integral Univ, Dept Biosci, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
[5] King Faisal Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol, Al Hufuf, Saudi Arabia
[6] Kafrelsheikh Univ, Fac Vet Med, Dept Virol, Kafr El Shaikh, Egypt
[7] Uppsala Univ, Dept Med Biochem & Microbiol, Zoonosis Sci Ctr, Uppsala, Sweden
[8] Taif Univ, Coll Med, Microbiol Dept, Al Taif, Saudi Arabia
[9] Beni Suef Univ, Fac Vet Med, Virol Dept, Bani Suwayf, Egypt
[10] Minist Hlth & Family Welf, Natl Inst Epidemiol, Indian Council Med Res, Lab Div, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
[11] Islamic Azad Univ, Sci & Res Branch, Young Researchers & Elites Club, Tehran, Iran
[12] Islamic Azad Univ, Sci & Res Branch, Fac Vet Med, Tehran, Iran
[13] Indian Inst Publ Hlth Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
[14] Cholistan Univ Vet & Anim Sci, Dept Breeding & Genet, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
[15] ICAR Indian Vet Res Inst, Div Epidemiol, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
[16] Univ Cuiaba, Fac Biol & Hlth Sci, Primavera Do Leste, Brazil
[17] ICAR Indian Vet Res Inst, Div Pathol, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
[18] Univ South Eastern Norway, Fac Hlth & Social Sci, Kongsberg, Norway
关键词
COVID-19; coronavirus pandemic; SARS-CoV-2; S-protein; diagnosis; vaccines; RECEPTOR-BINDING DOMAIN; MESSENGER-RNA VACCINES; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES; SUBUNIT VACCINE; MERS-COV; CORONAVIRUS; IMMUNOGENICITY; IDENTIFICATION; ENTRY; IMMUNIZATION;
D O I
10.3389/fmolb.2021.607886
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affecting nearly 71.2 million humans in more than 191 countries, with more than 1.6 million mortalities as of 12 December, 2020. The spike glycoprotein (S-protein), anchored onto the virus envelope, is the trimer of S-protein comprised of S1 and S2 domains which interacts with host cell receptors and facilitates virus-cell membrane fusion. The S1 domain comprises of a receptor binding domain (RBD) possessing an N-terminal domain and two subdomains (SD1 and SD2). Certain regions of S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 such as S2 domain and fragment of the RBD remain conserved despite the high selection pressure. These conserved regions of the S-protein are extrapolated as the potential target for developing molecular diagnostic techniques. Further, the S-protein acts as an antigenic target for different serological assay platforms for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Virus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies can be used to detect viral proteins in ELISA and lateral flow immunoassays. The S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 has very high sequence similarity to SARS-CoV-1, and the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-1 cross-react with S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 and neutralize its activity. Furthermore, in vitro studies have demonstrated that polyclonal antibodies targeted against the RBD of S-protein of SARS-CoV-1 can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 thus inhibiting its infectivity in permissive cell lines. Research on coronaviral S-proteins paves the way for the development of vaccines that may prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and alleviate the current global coronavirus pandemic. However, specific neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 are in clinical development. Therefore, neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 S-protein are promising specific antiviral therapeutics for pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We hereby review the approaches taken by researchers across the world to use spike gene and S-glycoprotein for the development of effective diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics against SARA-CoV-2 infection the COVID-19 pandemic.
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页数:14
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