A search for transiting planets around hot subdwarfs I. Methods and performance tests on light curves from Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS

被引：24

作者：

Van Grootel, V. ^{[1
]}

Pozuelos, F. J. ^{[1
,2
]}

Thuillier, A. ^{[1
]}

Charpinet, S. ^{[3
]}

Delrez, L. ^{[1
,2
,4
]}

Beck, M. ^{[4
]}

Fortier, A. ^{[5
,6
]}

Hoyer, S. ^{[7
]}

Sousa, S. G. ^{[8
]}

Barlow, B. N. ^{[9
]}

Billot, N. ^{[4
]}

Devora-Pajares, M. ^{[10
,11
]}

Ostensen, R. H. ^{[12
]}

Alibert, Y. ^{[5
]}

Alonso, R. ^{[13
,14
]}

Escude, G. Anglada ^{[15
,16
]}

Asquier, J. ^{[17
]}

Barrado, D. ^{[18
]}

Barros, S. C. C. ^{[8
,19
]}

Baumjohann, W. ^{[20
]}

Beck, T. ^{[5
]}

Bekkelien, A. ^{[4
]}

Benz, W. ^{[5
,6
]}

Bonfils, X. ^{[21
]}

Brandeker, A. ^{[22
]}

Broeg, C. ^{[5
]}

Bruno, G. ^{[23
]}

Barczy, T. ^{[24
]}

Cabrera, J. ^{[25
]}

Cameron, A. C. ^{[26
]}

Charnoz, S. ^{[27
]}

Davies, M. B. ^{[28
]}

Deleuil, M. ^{[7
]}

Demangeon, O. D. S. ^{[8
,19
]}

Demory, B-O ^{[5
]}

Ehrenreich, D. ^{[4
]}

Erikson, A. ^{[25
]}

Fossati, L. ^{[20
]}

Fridlund, M. ^{[29
,30
]}

Futyan, D. ^{[4
]}

Gandolfi, D. ^{[31
]}

Gillon, M. ^{[2
]}

Guedel, M. ^{[32
]}

Heng, K. ^{[6
,33
]}

Isaak, K. G. ^{[17
]}

Kiss, L. ^{[34
,35
,36
]}

Laskar, J. ^{[37
]}

des Etangs, A. Lecavelier ^{[38
]}

Lendl, M. ^{[4
]}

Lovis, C. ^{[4
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Liege, Space Sci Technol & Astrophys Res STAR Inst, 19C Allee 6 Aout, B-4000 Liege, Belgium

[2] Univ Liege, Astrobiol Res Unit, Allee 6 Aout 19C, B-4000 Liege, Belgium

[3] Univ Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, 14 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France

[4] Univ Geneva, Observ Astron, Chemin Pegasi 51, Versoix, Switzerland

[5] Univ Bern, Phys Inst, Gesell Str 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

[6] Ctr Space & Habitabil, Gesell Str 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

[7] Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

[8] Univ Porto, CAUP, Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco, Rua Estrelas, P-4150762 Porto, Portugal

[9] High Point Univ, Dept Phys, One Univ Pkwy, High Point, NC 27268 USA

[10] Univ Int Valencia VIU, Carrer Pintor Sorolla 21, Valencia 46002, Spain

[11] Univ Granada, Dept Fis Teor & Cosmos, Granada 18071, Spain

[12] Missouri State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Mat Sci, 901 S Natl, Springfield, MO 65897 USA

[13] Inst Astrofis Canarias, Tenerife 38200, Spain

[14] Univ La Laguna, Inst Astrofis Canarias, Tenerife 38206, Spain

[15] CSIC, Inst Ciencies Espai ICE, Campus UAB,Can Magrans S-N, Bellaterra 08193, Spain

[16] Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya IEEC, Barcelona 08034, Spain

[17] European Space Agcy, Estec, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands

[18] Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Dept Astrofis, ESAC Campus, Villanueva De La Cada 28692, Madrid, Spain

[19] Univ Porto, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis & Astron, Rua Campo Alegre, P-4169007 Porto, Portugal

[20] Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Schmiedlstr 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria

[21] Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France

[22] Stockholm Univ, Dept Astron, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[23] Osserv Astrofis Catania, INAF, Via S Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy

[24] ADMATIS, Kando Kalman 5, H-3534 Miskolc, Hungary

[25] German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Inst Planetary Res, Rutherfordstr 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany

[26] Univ St Andrews, SUPA Sch Phys & Astron, Ctr Exoplanet Sci, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland

[27] Univ Paris, Inst Phys Globe Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France

[28] Lund Univ, Dept Astron & Theoret Phys, Lund Observ, Box 43, S-22100 Lund, Sweden

[29] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[30] Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Space Earth & Environm, Onsala Space Observ, S-43992 Onsala, Sweden

[31] Univ Torino, Dipartimento Fis, Via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Turin, Italy

[32] Univ Vienna, Dept Astrophys, Ttirkenschanzstr 17, A-1180 Vienna, Austria

[33] Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England

[34] Res Ctr Astron & Earth Sci, Konkoly Observ, Konkoly Thege Miklos Ut 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary

[35] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Phys, Pazmany Peter Setany 1-A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary

[36] Univ Sydney, Sch Phys A29, Sydney Inst Astron, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

[37] Sorbonne Univ, PSL Univ, Observ Paris, IMCCE,UMR8028 CNRS, 77 Ay Denfert Rochereau, F-75014 Paris, France

[38] Univ Paris 06, UMR7095 CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, 98Bis Blvd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France

[39] INAF, Osservatorio Astron Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padua, Italy

[40] Keele Univ, Astrophys Grp, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England

[41] German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Inst Opt Sensor Syst, Rutherfordstr 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany

[42] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, Vicolo Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padua, Italy

[43] Univ Liege, STAR Inst, Ctr Spatial Liege, Ave Pre Aily, B-4031 Liege, Belgium

[44] Cavendish Lab, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England

[45] Tech Univ Berlin, Ctr Astron & Astrophys, Hardenberstr 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany

[46] Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geol Wissensch, D-12249 Berlin, Germany

[47] INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Torino, Str Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy

[48] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Gothard Astrophys Observ, Szent Imre H U 112, H-9700 Szombathely, Hungary

[49] MTA ELTE Exoplanet Res Grp, Szent Imre H U 112, H-9700 Szombathely, Hungary

[50] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2021年 / 650卷

基金：

瑞典研究理事会; 欧洲研究理事会; 瑞士国家科学基金会; 新加坡国家研究基金会;

关键词：

planet-star interactions; planetary systems; stars: horizontal-branch; subdwarfs; techniques: photometric; WHITE-DWARF; GIANT PLANET; B-STARS; ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS; COMPACT PULSATORS; TARGET SELECTION; BINARY FRACTION; RICH SUBDWARFS; SYSTEM; SUBSTELLAR;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/202140381

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Context. Hot subdwarfs experienced strong mass loss on the red giant branch (RGB) and are now hot and small He-burning objects. These stars constitute excellent opportunities for addressing the question of the evolution of exoplanetary systems directly after the RGB phase of evolution. Aims. In this project we aim to perform a transit survey in all available light curves of hot subdwarfs from space-based telescopes (Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS) with our custom-made pipeline SHERLOCK in order to determine the occurrence rate of planets around these stars as a function of orbital period and planetary radius. We also aim to determine whether planets that were previously engulfed in the envelope of their red giant host star can survive, even partially, as a planetary remnant. Methods. For this first paper, we performed injection-and-recovery tests of synthetic transits for a selection of representative Kepler, K2, and TESS light curves to determine which transiting bodies in terms of object radius and orbital period we will be able to detect with our tools. We also provide estimates for CHEOPS data, which we analyzed with the pycheops package. Results. Transiting objects with a radius less than or similar to 1.0 R-circle times can be detected in most of the Kepler, K2, and CHEOPS targets for the shortest orbital periods (1 d and shorter), reaching values as low as similar to 0.3 R-circle times in the best cases. Sub-Earth-sized bodies are only reached for the brightest TESS targets and for those that were observed in a significant number of sectors. We also give a series of representative results for larger planets at greater distances, which strongly depend on the target magnitude and on the length and quality of the data. Conclusions. The TESS sample will provide the most important statistics for the global aim of measuring the planet occurrence rate around hot subdwarfs. The Kepler, K2, and CHEOPS data will allow us to search for planetary remnants, that is, very close and small (possibly disintegrating) objects.

引用

页数：19

共 3 条

[1] A search for transiting planets around hot subdwarfs II. Supplementary methods and results from TESS Cycle 1
Thuillier, A.
Van Grootel, V.
Devora-Pajares, M.
Pozuelos, F. J.
Charpinet, S.
Sies, L.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2022, 664
[2] The quest for planets around subdwarfs and white dwarfs from Kepler space telescope fields: I. Techniques and tests of the methods
Krzesinski, J.
Blokesz, A.
Siwak, M.
Stachowski, G.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2020, 642
[3] TFAW survey - I. Wavelet-based denoising of K2 light curves. Discovery and validation of two new Earth-sized planets in K2 campaign 1
del Ser, D.
Fors, O.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 2020, 498 (02) : 2778 - 2797

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