Strategies for prevention and control of anaplasmosis: at human-animal interface

Anaplasmosis is a significant tick-borne disease of veterinary and public health importance, transmitted chiefly by ixodid ticks, flies, and inanimate objects. The disease considerably imposes effect on health, performance, and yield. In the recent years, there has been increasing interest in obligate intracellular tick-borne bacteria of genus Anaplasma. The information on strategies for prevention and control of anaplasmosis at human-animal interface is lacking. The objective of this review to provided updated information on epidemiology, clinical finding of all Anaplasma species at global perspective In this review we presented life cycle of major Anaplasma species, chemical/biological control of vectors, Anaplasma vaccines, tick vaccines, chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy. Serological cross reactivity is the main issue during serodiagnosis. Real time molecular diagnostic methods that target multiple genes should be preferred for direct detection in blood, tissue and vectors. Oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and doxycycline are significant drugs for human animal anaplasmosis. No universal vaccine is yet available that guards against diverse geographic strains due to strain heterogenecity. Detection of vectors/reservoirs, control of ticks, rearing of tick defiant breeds, Anaplasma/tick vaccine, prevention of iatrogenic/mechanical transmission and endemic stability are significant control strategies for animal anaplasmosis. While, lowering the high-risk tick contact activities (such as gardening, cycling, hiking), careful blood transfusion, circumventing immune-suppression, recognition of reservoirs/vectors and their control are significant control strategies for human anaplasmosis.