Effect of Putrescine and Paclobutrazol on Growth, Physiochemical Parameters, and Nutrient Acquisition of Salt-sensitive Citrus Rootstock Karna khatta (Citrus karna Raf.) under NaCl Stress

Salinity is a serious problem in arid and semiarid areas and citrus trees are classified as salt-sensitive. Because putrescine (Put) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) are known to act as plant protectants under environmental stresses, we examined the effect of Put and PBZ on the physiochemical parameters of the salt-susceptible citrus rootstock Karna khatta under NaCl stress. PBZ was applied at 0, 250, and 500 mg L(-1) as a soil drench 1 week prior to salinization. A computed amount of NaCl salt to develop soil salinity of 3 dS m(-1) (3 g NaCl kg(-1) soil) and foliar spray of Put at 0 or 50 mg L(-1) were applied. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the garden soil (0.35 dS m(-1)) was used as control. Application of PBZ and/or Put reduced the membrane injury index and increased relative water content, photosynthetic rate, and pigments content under saline conditions compared to what occurred in plants exposed to NaCl in the absence of PBZ or Put. Application of PBZ or Put alone or in combination also improved the activities of SOD and peroxidase and proline content under saline conditions. Application of PBZ and/or Put also increased K(+) and reduced Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations in leaf tissues. It is proposed that PBZ and/or Put could improve the tolerance of salt-susceptible Karna khatta by regulating absorption and accumulation of ions and improving antioxidant enzyme activities.