Heat pump efficiency in fifth generation ultra-low temperature district heating networks using a wastewater heat source

Ultra-low district heating (ULTDH) networks are operated at temperatures below 30 degrees C. However, the temperatures supplied are still too low for direct heating of the consumers. Heat pumps use the heating network as a source and can supply the consumers with space heating and domestic hot water as needed. Although individual manufacturers provide performance figures for the source temperature of 20 degrees C, these are usually derived from extrapolation from standard conditions with source temperatures of 0 degrees C and 10 degrees C. Up to now practical measurements are missing how efficiently heat pumps work in an ULTDH network environment and how the network temperature spread affects the performance. In this paper test rigs are used to investigate heat pumps under the conditions in ULTDH networks at a network supply temperature of 20 degrees C. It is shown that heat pumps can operate up to twice as efficient as with a geothermal probe. Furthermore, the network temperature spread has a significant influence on the performance of the heat pump. Heat pumps operate significantly better with a low source temperature spread. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.