Valence Bond©-Integrating scientific visualization mechanism in a tower defense game for chemical bond concept learning in high school

learning concepts in chemistry through recitations often makes learners unable to comprehend the structure of chemical compounds. Therefore, the study aims to develop an educational game Valence Bond (c) for chemical bond learning, which combines with scientific visualization and provides learners with mechanisms for manipulation. The study also explores learners' learning effectiveness in the game, their technology acceptance and flow. This game helps learners' chemical bond learning through the mechanism of scientific visualization and the challenge from tower defense game. Based on our empirical evaluation, learners in this study have high flow and technology acceptance for this game. Learners with more prior knowledge are also more easily involved in the game. Finally, learners' learning effectiveness reaches significant difference after using the game.