This study examines the impacts of economic growth, energy consumption, tourism, and natural resources on the ecological footprint in the ASEAN countries for spanning from 1995 to 2016. For this purpose, the cross-sectional dependent test, the second-generation unit root test, and the Westerlund cointegration test have been applied. The Driscoll-Kraay panel regression model has been used to check the long-run relationship among the series. Also, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test is used to determine the paths of causal interactions. These tests help to overcome the problem of cross-sectional dependence in panel data analysis. The results showed an inverted U-shaped EKC behavior in ASEAN countries, hence a negative relation between tourism and natural resources with the ecological footprint. This implies that tourism and natural resources help to improve the environmental quality in ASEAN countries.
机构:
Multimedia Univ, Fac Business, Melaka 75450, MalaysiaMultimedia Univ, Fac Business, Melaka 75450, Malaysia
Al-mulali, Usama
;
Weng-Wai, Choong
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Univ Teknol Malaysia, Fac Geoinformat & Real Estate, Dept Real Estate, Johor Baharu 81310, MalaysiaMultimedia Univ, Fac Business, Melaka 75450, Malaysia
Weng-Wai, Choong
;
Sheau-Ting, Low
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Univ Teknol Malaysia, Fac Geoinformat & Real Estate, Dept Real Estate, Ctr Real Estate Studies, Johor Baharu 81310, MalaysiaMultimedia Univ, Fac Business, Melaka 75450, Malaysia
Sheau-Ting, Low
;
Mohammed, Abdul Hakim
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机构:
Univ Teknol Malaysia, Fac Geoinformat & Real Estate, Dept Real Estate, Ctr Real Estate Studies, Johor Baharu 81310, MalaysiaMultimedia Univ, Fac Business, Melaka 75450, Malaysia
机构:
Multimedia Univ, Fac Business, Melaka 75450, MalaysiaMultimedia Univ, Fac Business, Melaka 75450, Malaysia
Al-mulali, Usama
;
Weng-Wai, Choong
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Teknol Malaysia, Fac Geoinformat & Real Estate, Dept Real Estate, Johor Baharu 81310, MalaysiaMultimedia Univ, Fac Business, Melaka 75450, Malaysia
Weng-Wai, Choong
;
Sheau-Ting, Low
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Teknol Malaysia, Fac Geoinformat & Real Estate, Dept Real Estate, Ctr Real Estate Studies, Johor Baharu 81310, MalaysiaMultimedia Univ, Fac Business, Melaka 75450, Malaysia
Sheau-Ting, Low
;
Mohammed, Abdul Hakim
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Teknol Malaysia, Fac Geoinformat & Real Estate, Dept Real Estate, Ctr Real Estate Studies, Johor Baharu 81310, MalaysiaMultimedia Univ, Fac Business, Melaka 75450, Malaysia