Angular domain imaging of objects within highly scattering media using silicon micromachined collimating arrays

Optical imaging of objects within highly scattering media, such as tissue, requires the detection of ballistic/quasi-ballistic photons through these media. Recent works have used phase/coherence domain or time domain tomography (femtosecond laser pulses) to detect the shortest path photons through scattering media. This work explores an alternative, angular domain imaging, which uses collimation detection capabilities of small acceptance angle devices to extract photons emitted aligned closely to a laser source. It employs a high aspect ratio, micromachined collimating detector array fabricated by high-resolution silicon surface micromachining. Consider a linear collimating array of very high aspect ratio (200: 1) containing 51 x 1000 mum etched channels with 102-mum spacing over a 10-mm silicon width. With precise array alignment to a laser source, unscattered light passes directly through the channels to the charge coupled device detector and the channel walls absorb the scattered light at angles > 0.29degrees. Objects within a scattering medium were scanned quickly with a computer-controlled Z axis table. High-resolution images of 100-mum-wide lines and spaces were detected at scattered-to-ballistic ratios of 5 x 10(5): 1, with objects located near the middle of the sample seen at even higher levels. At > 5 x 10(6): 1 ratios, a uniform background of scattered illumination degrades the image contrast unless recovered by background subtraction. Monte Carlo simulation programs designed to test the angular domain imaging concept showed that the collimator detects the shortest path length photons, as in other optical tomography methods. Furthermore, the collimator acts as an optical filter to remove scattered light while preserving the image resolution. Simulations suggest smaller channels and longer arrays could enhance detection by > 100.