Chronic exposure to UV-aged microplastics induces neurotoxicity by affecting dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin neurotransmission in Caenorhabditis elegans

Microplastics are ubiquitous in all environments and exert toxic effects in various organisms. However, the neurotoxicity and underlying mechanisms of long-term exposure to MPs aged under UV radiation remain largely unclear. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans was treated with 0.1-100 mu g/L virgin and aged polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) for 10 d, with locomotion behavior, neuronal development, neurotransmitter content, and neurotransmission-related to gene expression as endpoints. Using locomotion behavior as an endpoint, chronic exposure to aged PS-MPs at low concentrations (1 mu g/L) caused more severe neurotoxicity than that to virgin PS-MPs. In transgenic nematodes, exposure to 10-100 mu g/L aged PS-MPs significantly influenced the fluorescence intensity and percentage of worms with neurodegeneration of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurons compared with control. Further investigations showed that the content of glutamate, serotonin, and dopamine was significantly influenced in nematodes chronically exposed to 100 mu g/L of aged PSMPs. Similarly, neurotransmission-related gene (e.g., eat-4, dat-1, and tph-1) expression was also altered in nematodes. These results indicate that aged PS-MPs exert neurotoxicity owing to their effects on dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin neurotransmission. This study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential risks of PS-MPs after UV radiation.