Variable Physical Drivers of Near-Surface Turbulence in a Regulated River

被引:12
作者
Guseva, S. [1 ]
Aurela, M. [2 ]
Cortes, A. [3 ]
Kivi, R. [4 ]
Lotsari, E. [5 ,6 ]
MacIntyre, S. [3 ]
Mammarella, I [7 ]
Ojala, A. [8 ,9 ,10 ]
Stepanenko, V [11 ,12 ,13 ]
Uotila, P. [7 ]
Vaha, A. [7 ]
Vesala, T. [7 ,9 ,14 ]
Wallin, M. B. [15 ,16 ]
Lorke, A. [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Koblenz Landau, Inst Environm Sci, Landau, Germany
[2] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Climate Res Programme, Helsinki, Finland
[3] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Earth Res Inst, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
[4] Finnish Meteorol Inst, Space & Earth Observat Ctr, Sodankyla, Finland
[5] Univ Eastern Finland, Dept Geog & Hist Studies, Joensuu, Finland
[6] Univ Turku, Dept Geog & Geol, Turku, Finland
[7] Univ Helsinki, Inst Atmospher & Earth Syst Res INAR Phys, Helsinki, Finland
[8] Univ Helsinki, Fac Biol & Environm Sci, Ecosyst & Environm Res Programme, Helsinki, Finland
[9] Univ Helsinki, Fac Agr & Forestry, Inst Atmosphere & Earth Syst Res Forest Sci, Helsinki, Finland
[10] Univ Helsinki, Fac Biol & Environm Sci, Helsinki Inst Sustainabil Sci HELSUS, Helsinki, Finland
[11] Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Res Comp Ctr, Lab Supercomp Modeling Climate Syst Proc, Moscow, Russia
[12] Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Fac Geog, Dept Meteorol & Climatol, Moscow, Russia
[13] Moscow Ctr Fundamental & Appl Math, Moscow, Russia
[14] Yugra State Univ, Khanty Mansiysk, Russia
[15] Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci Air Water & Landscape, Uppsala, Sweden
[16] Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Aquat Sci & Assessment, Uppsala, Sweden
基金
欧盟地平线“2020”; 芬兰科学院; 俄罗斯基础研究基金会; 美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
river; turbulence; gas exchange; wind; KINETIC-ENERGY DISSIPATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; METHANE EMISSIONS; REGIONAL-SCALE; LAKE VICTORIA; CO2; EVASION; STREAMS; OCEAN; VARIABILITY;
D O I
10.1029/2020WR027939
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Inland waters, such as lakes, reservoirs and rivers, are important sources of climate forcing trace gases. A key parameter that regulates the gas exchange between water and the atmosphere is the gas transfer velocity, which itself is controlled by near-surface turbulence in the water. While in lakes and reservoirs, near-surface turbulence is mainly driven by atmospheric forcing, in shallow rivers and streams it is generated by bottom friction of gravity-forced flow. Large rivers represent a transition between these two cases. Near-surface turbulence has rarely been measured in rivers and the drivers of turbulence have not been quantified. We analyzed continuous measurements of flow velocity and quantified turbulence as the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy over the ice-free season in a large regulated river in Northern Finland. Measured dissipation rates agreed with predictions from bulk parameters, including mean flow velocity, wind speed, surface heat flux, and with a one-dimensional numerical turbulence model. Values ranged from similar to 10-10m2s-3 to 10-5m2s-3. Atmospheric forcing or gravity was the dominant driver of near-surface turbulence for similar fraction of the time. Large variability in near-surface dissipation rate occurred at diel time scales, when the flow velocity was strongly affected by downstream dam operation. By combining scaling relations for boundary-layer turbulence at the river bed and at the air-water interface, we derived a simple model for estimating the relative contributions of wind speed and bottom friction of river flow as a function of depth.
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页数:27
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