There is a need for toxicity tests capable of recognizing indoor environments with compromised air quality, especially in the context of moisture damage. One of the key issues is sampling, which should both provide meaningful material for analyses and fulfill requirements imposed by practitioners using toxicity tests for health risk assessment. We aimed to evaluate different existing methods of sampling indoor particulate matter (PM) to develop a suitable sampling strategy for a toxicological assay. During three sampling campaigns in moisture-damaged and non-damaged school buildings, we evaluated one passive and three active sampling methods: the Settled Dust Box (SDB), the Button Aerosol Sampler, the Harvard Impactor and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Bioaerosol Cyclone Sampler. Mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to particle suspensions and cell metabolic activity (CMA), production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were determined after 24h of exposure. The repeatability of the toxicological analyses was very good for all tested sampler types. Variability within the schools was found to be high especially between different classrooms in the moisture-damaged school. Passively collected settled dust and PM collected actively with the NIOSH Sampler (Stage 1) caused a clear response in exposed cells. The results suggested the higher relative immunotoxicological activity of dust from the moisture-damaged school. The NIOSH Sampler is a promising candidate for the collection of size-fractionated PM to be used in toxicity testing. The applicability of such sampling strategy in grading moisture damage severity in buildings needs to be developed further in a larger cohort of buildings.
机构:
Natl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
Univ Copenhagen, Fac Hlth & Med Sci, Dept Drug Design & Pharmacol, Copenhagen O, DenmarkNatl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
Frankel, M.
Timm, M.
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Univ Copenhagen, Fac Hlth & Med Sci, Dept Drug Design & Pharmacol, Copenhagen O, DenmarkNatl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
Timm, M.
Hansen, E. W.
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Univ Copenhagen, Fac Hlth & Med Sci, Dept Drug Design & Pharmacol, Copenhagen O, DenmarkNatl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
Hansen, E. W.
Madsen, A. M.
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Natl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, DenmarkNatl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
机构:
Natl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
Univ Copenhagen, Fac Hlth & Med Sci, Dept Drug Design & Pharmacol, Copenhagen O, DenmarkNatl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
Frankel, M.
Timm, M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Copenhagen, Fac Hlth & Med Sci, Dept Drug Design & Pharmacol, Copenhagen O, DenmarkNatl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
Timm, M.
Hansen, E. W.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Copenhagen, Fac Hlth & Med Sci, Dept Drug Design & Pharmacol, Copenhagen O, DenmarkNatl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
Hansen, E. W.
Madsen, A. M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Natl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, DenmarkNatl Res Ctr Working Environm, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark