Effect of Season and High Ambient Temperature on Activity Levels and Patterns of Grizzly Bears (Ursus arctos)

被引:36
作者
McLellan, Michelle L. [1 ]
McLellan, Bruce N. [2 ]
机构
[1] South Coast Grizzly Bear Project, Nelson, BC, Canada
[2] British Columbia Fish Wildlife & Habitat Manageme, DArcy, BC, Canada
来源
PLOS ONE | 2015年 / 10卷 / 02期
关键词
BLACK BEARS; BODY-SIZE; CIRCADIAN-RHYTHMS; TIME BUDGETS; ECOLOGY; CONSTRAINTS; THIBETANUS; MOUNTAINS; SALMON; DIET;
D O I
10.1371/journal.pone.0117734
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Understanding factors that influence daily and annual activity patterns of a species provides insights to challenges facing individuals, particularly when climate shifts, and thus is important in conservation. Using GPS collars with dual-axis motion sensors that recorded the number of switches every 5 minutes we tested the hypotheses: 1. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) increase daily activity levels and active bout lengths when they forage on berries, the major high-energy food in this ecosystem, and 2. Grizzly bears become less active and more nocturnal when ambient temperature exceeds 20 degrees C. We found support for hypothesis 1 with both male and female bears being active from 0.7 to 2.8 h longer in the berry season than in other seasons. Our prediction under hypothesis 2 was not supported. When bears foraged on berries on a dry, open mountainside, there was no relationship between daily maximum temperature (which varied from 20.4 to 40.1 degrees C) and the total amount of time bears were active, and no difference in activity levels during day or night between warm (20.4-27.3 degrees C) and hot (27.9-40.1 degrees C) days. Our results highlight the strong influence that food acquisition has on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears and is a challenge to the heat dissipation limitation theory.
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页数:14
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