Synergistic effect of reductions in multiple gaseous precursors on secondary inorganic aerosols in winter under a meteorology-based redistributed daily NH3 emission inventory within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China

Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) account for 20-60% of the total fine particulates in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China, indicating an urgent need to clarify the relationship among such compounds. The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationship between emissions of NH3, NOx, SO2, VOCs and SIA concentrations during a severe winter haze episode using an air quality model and a meteorology-based redistributed NH3 emission inventory within the BTH region. The results showed that the model performance regarding the NH3 simulations in January by the four emission inventories improved after the redistribution of daily NH3 emissions, with an increase of 0.02-0.13 in R, a 9-56% decrease in NMB, and a 7-51% decrease in NME. The updated simulations reproduced the daily observations of SIA, SO2, and NO2 well. A total of 125 sets of sensitivity simulations showed that a synergistic reduction in NH3 and VOCs was more efficient in terms of SIA control than simply reducing SO2 or NOx in the Bill region. If only NOx emissions were reduced, the SIA concentration would first increase and then decrease, and it could decline by another 0.86-8.03% in parallel with an equal NH3 emission cut. SIA could be reduced by approximately 22.68% with the most stringent inorganic precursors' control. Moreover, VOCs emission reductions could lead to a decrease in SIA, and the impact of VOCs on SIA was similar to that of NH3. The collaborative control of both inorganic precursors and VOCs was more effective than single-factor control measures for decreasing SIA, and the decline rate was approximately 29.26% under minimum emission conditions. This improved effectiveness was obtained because VOCs mitigation effectively decreases the ozone concentration, which in turn influences SIA formation. Finally, on the premise of a 60% SO2 cut, the reduction scheme NH3:VOCs:NOx = 4:4:1 was suggested for SIA control.