Quantifying the Effects of Combination Trastuzumab and Radiation Therapy in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer

Simple Summary In vitro, combination trastuzumab and single-dose radiotherapy induces an additive effect. In vivo, combination trastuzumab and single-dose radiotherapy induces greater tumor kill than a higher single dose of radiotherapy, suggesting that combination therapy can be considered to achieve a similar reduction in tumor burden as traditional radiotherapy, with fewer adverse effects. Background: Trastuzumab induces cell cycle arrest in HER2-overexpressing cells and demonstrates potential in radiosensitizing cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to quantify combination trastuzumab and radiotherapy to determine their synergy. Methods: In vitro, HER2+ cancer cells were treated with trastuzumab, radiation, or their combination, and imaged to evaluate treatment kinetics. In vivo, HER2+ tumor-bearing mice were treated with trastuzumab and radiation, and assessed longitudinally. An additional cohort was treated and sacrificed to quantify CD45, CD31, alpha-SMA, and hypoxia. Results: The interaction index revealed the additive effects of trastuzumab and radiation in vitro in HER2+ cell lines. Furthermore, the results revealed significant differences in tumor response when treated with radiation (p < 0.001); however, no difference was seen in the combination groups when trastuzumab was added to radiotherapy (p = 0.56). Histology revealed increases in CD45 staining in tumors receiving trastuzumab (p < 0.05), indicating potential increases in immune infiltration. Conclusions: The in vitro results showed the additive effect of combination trastuzumab and radiotherapy. The in vivo results showed the potential to achieve similar efficacy of radiotherapy with a reduced dose when combined with trastuzumab. If trastuzumab and low-dose radiotherapy induce greater tumor kill than a higher dose of radiotherapy, combination therapy can achieve a similar reduction in tumor burden.