Gender differences in the prevalence of frailty in heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: This study quantitatively synthesized literature to identify gender differences in the prevalence of frailty in heart failure (HF). Background: The intersection of frailty and HF continues to garner interest. Almost half of patients with HF are frail; however, gender differences in frailty in HF are poorly understood. Methods: We performed a literature search to identify studies that reported prevalence of frailty by gender in HF. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to quantify the relative and absolute risk of frailty in women compared with men with HF, overall, and by Physical and Multidimensional Frailty measures. Meta-regression was performed to examine the influence of study age and functional class on relative risk in HF. Results: Twenty-nine studies involving 8854 adults with HF were included. Overall in HF, women had a 26% higher relative risk of being frail compared with men (95% CI = 1.14-1.38, z = 4.69, p < 0.001, I-2 = 76.5%). The overall absolute risk for women compared to men with HF being frail was 10% (95% CI = 0.06-0.15, z = 4.41, p < 0.001). The relative risk of frailty was slightly higher among studies that used Physical measures (relative risk = 127, p < 0.001) compared with studies that used Multidimensional measures (relative risk = 124, p = 0.024). There were no significant relationships between relative risk and either study age or functional class. Conclusions: In HF, frailty affects women significantly more than men. Future work should focus on elucidating potential causes of gender differences in frailty in HF. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.