Network dysfunction in pre and postsurgical epilepsy: connectomics as a tool and not a destination

Purpose of review Patients with focal drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) sometimes continue to have seizures after surgery. Recently, there is increasing interest in using advanced network analyses (connectomics) to better understand this problem. Connectomics has changed the way researchers and clinicians view DRE, but it must be applied carefully in a hypothesis-driven manner to avoid spurious results. This review will focus on studies published in the last 18 months that have thoughtfully used connectomics to advance our fundamental understanding of network dysfunction in DRE - hopefully for the eventual direct benefit to patient care. Recent findings Impactful recent findings have centered on using patient-specific differences in network dysfunction to predict surgical outcome. These works span functional and structural connectivity and include the modalities of functional and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electrophysiology. Using functional MRI, many groups have described an increased functional segregation outside of the surgical resection zone in patients who fail surgery. Using electrophysiology, groups have reported network characteristics of resected tissue that suggest whether a patient will respond favorably to surgery. If we can develop accurate models to outline functional and structural network characteristics that predict failure of standard surgical approaches, then we can not only improve current clinical decision-making; we can also begin developing alternative treatments including network approaches to improve surgical success rates.