Variation in Surface Solar Radiation and the Influencing Factors in Xinjiang, Northwestern China

The variation of solar radiation has a profound effect on the surface energy balance and hydrological cycle. Although the relationship between solar radiation variation and its influencing factors has been extensively studied, they are seldom used in Xinjiang, the largest province in China. In this study, we investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation in global radiation (Eg), water vapor content (WVC), aerosol optical depth (AOD), total cloud cover (TCC), and low-level cloud cover (LCC) in Xinjiang, northwestern China, between 1961 and 2015. The annual average Eg reported at all stations was 5126.3-6252.8 MJ center dot m(-2) with a mean of 5672 MJ center dot m(-2). The highest annual mean E-g of 6252.8 MJ center dot m(-2) occurred in Hami, eastern Xinjiang, whereas the lowest annual mean E-g of 5126.3 MJ center dot m(-2) occurred in Urumqi, northern Xinjiang. The annual E-g variation was mainly affected by WVC, AOD, TCC, and LCC. Decreases in annual, spring, summer, autumn, and winter E-g trends were recorded in Xinjiang at rates of -33.88 x 10(-2), -1.92 x 10(-2), -1.89 x 10(-2), -3.47 x 10(-2), and -3.56 x 10(-2) MJ center dot m(-2)center dot decade(-1), respectively, with decreasing ratios of 9.43%, 5.85%, 0.14%, 8%, and 20.55%, respectively. Increasing trends in annual WVC, AOD, TCC, and LCC were noted in Xinjiang at rates of 7.12 x 10(-5) mm center dot decade(-1), 2.74 x 10(-6) decade(-1), 8.77 x 10(-5) % decade(-1), and 5.73 x 10(-5)% decade(-1), respectively. In addition, increasing trends in the annual E-g at Yining and Yanqi stations were observed. The E-g spatial distribution was complex in Xinjiang at the stations observed in this study, which were divided into six groups. E-g at group 1 showed an increasing trend associated with decreases in the WVC and TCC, whereas decreases in E-g were observed at groups 2-6, which could have been influenced by increases in AOD, TCC, and LCC.