Detecting Plasma Detachment in the Wendelstein 7-X Stellarator Using Machine Learning

被引:4
作者
Szucs, Mate [1 ]
Szepesi, Tamas [1 ]
Biedermann, Christoph [2 ]
Cseh, Gabor [1 ]
Jakubowski, Marcin [2 ]
Kocsis, Gabor [1 ]
Koenig, Ralf [2 ]
Krause, Marco [2 ]
Perseo, Valeria [2 ]
Puig Sitjes, Aleix [2 ]
机构
[1] Ctr Energy Res, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
[2] Max Planck Inst Plasma Phys, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
来源
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL | 2022年 / 12卷 / 01期
基金
欧盟地平线“2020”;
关键词
fusion plasma physics; plasma detachment; machine learning;
D O I
10.3390/app12010269
中图分类号
O6 [化学];
学科分类号
0703 ;
摘要
The detachment regime has a high potential to play an important role in fusion devices on the road to a fusion power plant. Complete power detachment has been observed several times during the experimental campaigns of the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. Automatic observation and signaling of such events could help scientists to better understand these phenomena. With the growing discharge times in fusion devices, machine learning models and algorithms are a powerful tool to process the increasing amount of data. We investigate several classical supervised machine learning models to detect complete power detachment in the images captured by the Event Detection Intelligent Camera System (EDICAM) at the W7-X at each given image frame. In the dedicated detached state the plasma is stable despite its reduced contact with the machine walls and the radiation belt stays close to the separatrix, without exhibiting significant heat load onto the divertor. To decrease computational time and resources needed we propose certain pixel intensity profiles (or intensity values along lines) as the input to these models. After finding the profile that describes the images best in terms of detachment, we choose the best performing machine learning algorithm. It achieves an F1 score of 0.9836 on the training dataset and 0.9335 on the test set. Furthermore, we investigate its predictions in other scenarios, such as plasmas with substantially decreased minor radius and several magnetic configurations.
引用
收藏
页数:12
相关论文
共 20 条
[1]  
Andreeva T., 2002, Probl. At. Sci. Technol., V35, P45
[2]   PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING DESIGN FOR WENDELSTEIN-VII-X [J].
BEIDLER, C ;
GRIEGER, G ;
HERRNEGGER, F ;
HARMEYER, E ;
KISSLINGER, J ;
LOTZ, W ;
MAASSBERG, H ;
MERKEL, P ;
NUHRENBERG, J ;
RAU, F ;
SAPPER, J ;
SARDEI, F ;
SCARDOVELLI, R ;
SCHLUTER, A ;
WOBIG, H .
FUSION TECHNOLOGY, 1990, 17 (01) :148-168
[3]   Technical challenges in the construction of the steady-state stellarator Wendelstein 7-X [J].
Bosch, H. -S. ;
Wolf, R. C. ;
Andreeva, T. ;
Baldzuhn, J. ;
Birus, D. ;
Bluhm, T. ;
Braeuer, T. ;
Braune, H. ;
Bykov, V. ;
Cardella, A. ;
Durodie, F. ;
Endler, M. ;
Erckmann, V. ;
Gantenbein, G. ;
Hartmann, D. ;
Hathiramani, D. ;
Heimann, P. ;
Heinemann, B. ;
Hennig, C. ;
Hirsch, M. ;
Holtum, D. ;
Jagielski, J. ;
Jelonnek, J. ;
Kasparek, W. ;
Klinger, T. ;
Koenig, R. ;
Kornejew, P. ;
Kroiss, H. ;
Krom, J. G. ;
Kuehner, G. ;
Laqua, H. ;
Laqua, H. P. ;
Lechte, C. ;
Lewerentz, M. ;
Maier, J. ;
McNeely, P. ;
Messiaen, A. ;
Michel, G. ;
Ongena, J. ;
Peacock, A. ;
Pedersen, T. S. ;
Riedl, R. ;
Riemann, H. ;
Rong, P. ;
Rust, N. ;
Schacht, J. ;
Schauer, F. ;
Schroeder, R. ;
Schweer, B. ;
Spring, A. .
NUCLEAR FUSION, 2013, 53 (12)
[4]   Transition from Construction to Operation Phase of the Wendelstein 7-X Stellarator [J].
Bosch, Hans-Stephan ;
Brakel, Rudolf ;
Gasparotto, Maurizio ;
Grote, Heinz ;
Hartmann, Dirk A. ;
Herrmann, Rene ;
Nagel, Michael ;
Naujoks, Dirk ;
Otte, Matthias ;
Risse, Konrad ;
Rummel, Thomas ;
Werner, Andreas .
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, 2014, 42 (03) :432-438
[5]   Understanding detachment of the W7-X island divertor [J].
Feng, Y. ;
Jakubowski, M. ;
Konig, R. ;
Krychowiak, M. ;
Otte, M. ;
Reimold, F. ;
Reiter, D. ;
Schmitz, O. ;
Zhang, D. ;
Beidler, C. D. ;
Biedermann, C. ;
Bozhenkov, S. ;
Brunner, K. J. ;
Dinklage, A. ;
Drewelow, P. ;
Effenberg, F. ;
Endler, M. ;
Fuchert, G. ;
Gao, Y. ;
Geiger, J. ;
Hammond, K. C. ;
Helander, P. ;
Killer, C. ;
Knauer, J. ;
Kremeyer, T. ;
Pasch, E. ;
Rudischhauser, L. ;
Schlisio, G. ;
Sunn Pedersen, T. ;
Wenzel, U. ;
Winters, V. .
NUCLEAR FUSION, 2021, 61 (08)
[6]   Overview of the results from divertor experiments with attached and detached plasmas at Wendelstein 7-X and their implications for steady-state operation [J].
Jakubowski, M. ;
Endler, M. ;
Feng, Y. ;
Gao, Y. ;
Killer, C. ;
Koenig, R. ;
Krychowiak, M. ;
Perseo, V ;
Reimold, F. ;
Schmitz, O. ;
Pedersen, T. S. ;
Brezinsek, S. ;
Dinklage, A. ;
Drewelow, P. ;
Niemann, H. ;
Otte, M. ;
Gruca, M. ;
Hammond, K. ;
Kremeyer, T. ;
Kubkowska, M. ;
Jablonski, S. ;
Pandey, A. ;
Wurden, G. ;
Zhang, D. ;
Bozhenkov, S. ;
Boeckenhoff, D. ;
Dhard, C. P. ;
Baldzuhn, J. ;
Gradic, D. ;
Effenberg, F. ;
Kornejew, P. ;
Lazerson, S. ;
Lore, J. ;
Naujoks, D. ;
Sitjes, A. Puig ;
Schlisio, G. ;
Sleczka, M. ;
Wenzel, U. ;
Winters, V .
NUCLEAR FUSION, 2021, 61 (10)
[7]  
James G., 2021, An Introduction to Statistical Learning with Applications in R, VSecond
[8]   Predicting disruptive instabilities in controlled fusion plasmas through deep learning [J].
Kates-Harbeck, Julian ;
Svyatkovskiy, Alexey ;
Tang, William .
NATURE, 2019, 568 (7753) :526-+
[9]   Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation [J].
Klinger, T. ;
Andreeva, T. ;
Bozhenkov, S. ;
Brandt, C. ;
Burhenn, R. ;
Buttenschoen, B. ;
Fuchert, G. ;
Geiger, B. ;
Grulke, O. ;
Laqua, H. P. ;
Pablant, N. ;
Rahbarnia, K. ;
Stange, T. ;
von Stechow, A. ;
Tamura, N. ;
Thomsen, H. ;
Turkin, Y. ;
Wegner, T. ;
Abramovic, I ;
Aekaeslompolo, S. ;
Alcuson, J. ;
Aleynikov, P. ;
Aleynikova, K. ;
Ali, A. ;
Alonso, A. ;
Anda, G. ;
Ascasibar, E. ;
Baehner, J. P. ;
Baek, S. G. ;
Balden, M. ;
Baldzuhn, J. ;
Banduch, M. ;
Barbui, T. ;
Behr, W. ;
Beidler, C. ;
Benndorf, A. ;
Biedermann, C. ;
Biel, W. ;
Blackwell, B. ;
Blanco, E. ;
Blatzheim, M. ;
Ballinger, S. ;
Bluhm, T. ;
Boeckenhoff, D. ;
Boeswirth, B. ;
Boettger, L-G ;
Borchardt, M. ;
Borsuk, V ;
Boscary, J. ;
Bosch, H-S .
NUCLEAR FUSION, 2019, 59 (11)
[10]   Performance and properties of the first plasmas of Wendelstein 7-X [J].
Klinger, T. ;
Alonso, A. ;
Bozhenkov, S. ;
Burhenn, R. ;
Dinklage, A. ;
Fuchert, G. ;
Geiger, J. ;
Grulke, O. ;
Langenberg, A. ;
Hirsch, M. ;
Kocsis, G. ;
Knauer, J. ;
Kraemer-Flecken, A. ;
Laqua, H. ;
Lazerson, S. ;
Landreman, M. ;
Maassberg, H. ;
Marsen, S. ;
Otte, M. ;
Pablant, N. ;
Pasch, E. ;
Rahbarnia, K. ;
Stange, T. ;
Szepesi, T. ;
Thomsen, H. ;
Traverso, P. ;
Velasco, J. L. ;
Wauters, T. ;
Weir, G. ;
Windisch, T. .
PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION, 2017, 59 (01)