Thermo-oxidative exfoliation of carbon black from ground tire rubber as potential reinforcement in green tires

Considering the balance between rapidly growing global tire demand and scarcity of natural resources, recycling and reclaiming techniques of tire rubber have become the state of the art. Herein, we set out to implement a self designed thermo-oxidative reactor for the exfoliation of carbon black (CB) from ground tire rubber, which is efficiently functioned under a thermo-oxidative reclaiming condition without any additive. The exfoliation of CB from rubber vulcanizate was realized by scission of main chain, and of cross-linked network. The degree of scission was discussed through gel permeation chromatography and using Horikx theory. Sol fraction tremendously increased to 66.0% after thermo-oxidative reclamation at 200 degrees C for 20 min. Thermo-oxidative scission underwent through the oxidative cleavage of main chain, and of sulfur cross-links, proved by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The ultrafine exfoliation of CB from rubber proved by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The exfoliation was further improved by two roll milling. Exfoliated rubber was incorporated within tire rubber composites as a reinforcing material due to the core-shell structured CB, which was observed with increased effects to the rubber composites. This work presents a potential contribution to the industrial recycling for future applications and to control the pollution of waste tires.