Three-Dimensional Functional Impingement in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Biomechanical Analysis

Background: Although component offset can affect impingement after total hip arthroplasty, the exact impact is unclear. Evaluation of offset on an anterior-posterior pelvic radiograph is different than evaluation in functional positions of impingement, namely flexion/internal rotation and extension/external rotation. We quantified the effect of acetabular (cup/liner) vs femoral (head/stem) offsets on changes in range of motion to extra-prosthetic impingement in these 2 impingement-prone functional positions. Methods: We retrospectively identified 16 total hip arthroplasty patients (age 61.5 +/- 12.1 years, body mass index 28.3 +/- 4.9 kg/m(2)) with preoperative and postoperative computerized tomography scans. To eliminate metal artifact, femoral and pelvic 3-dimensional models were created using preoperative scans aligned with postoperative scans, and 3-dimensional scanned implant models were used to reproduce clinical implantation. We tested +/- 5 mm acetabular cup, acetabular liner, femoral stem, and femoral head offsets. Maximum range of motion (ROM) to bone-bone impingement was calculated for internal rotation at 90 degrees flexion and external rotation at 10 degrees extension. Results: In all cases, increased offset increased ROM to impingement, and vice versa. During internal rotation at 90 degrees flexion, +/- 5 mm liner offset had the greatest impact on ROM (+9 degrees/-10 degrees), followed by cup (+8 degrees/-9 degrees), head (+5 degrees/-7 degrees), and stem (+3 degrees/-5 degrees) offset. During external rotation at 10 degrees extension, +/- 5 mm cup offset had the greatest impact on ROM (+10 degrees/-10 degrees), followed by liner (+9 degrees/-9 degrees), head (+7 degrees/-8 degrees), and stem (+4 degrees/-4 degrees) offset. However, no statistically significant differences were found in the changes to ROM in flexion obtained through cup and liner offsets, the changes to ROM in extension obtained through liner and head offsets, and the changes to ROM in extension obtained through increasing stem and head offsets. Conclusion: Increasing offset by any method reduces impingement. Center-of-rotation offset changes via acetabular cup or liner have the greatest impact on extra-prosthetic impingement. (C) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.