Indus River flood hazard and management strategies

Over the last century the Indus River in Pakistan has become an almost fully managed river. With water management, settlement and irrigation the nature of the flood risks have changed. Low to medium flooding of the river can he controlled. But high floods can produce water levels above those assumed in the design of the control structures on the river. A new type of vulnerability is produced that requires a planned response. The nature of this response is described.