Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Cognitive Frailty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: Currently, the prevalence of CF (Cognitive Frailty) is not very clear, and the relationship between CF and its associated risk factors has not been accurately evaluated. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis further to understand CF's prevalence and associated factors. Methods: Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, and Cochrane were systematically searched for articles exploring the prevalence of CF, the deadline of searching date was up to March 2021. For the prevalence of CF, the events of CF and the total number of patients in every included study were extracted to estimate the prevalence of CF. For associated factors of CF, Odds Ratios (ORs) with (corresponding) 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for estimations. Results: Firstly, the estimated prevalence of CF I (Cognitive Frailty in the model I) was 16%, 95% CI (0.13-0.19), and the estimated prevalence of CF II (Cognitive Frailty in model II) was 6%, 95% CI (0.05-0.07). Secondly, both lower engagement in activities and age were calculated to be independent risk factors of CF, and the OR (95% CI) was 3.31 (2.28-4.81) and 1.10 (1.04-1.16), respectively. Finally, depression was also a prominent risk factor of CF, with the overall OR (95% CI) as 1.57 (1.32-1.87). Conclusion: CF was a high prevalence in community older. The various assessment scales and the different cutoff values of diagnostic criteria would affect the prevalence of CF. Lower engagement in activities, age, and depression was the risky factor of CF.Systematic Review Registration: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42019121369.