Multi-stage restoration strategy for service restoration in distribution systems considering outage duration uncertainty

This study proposes a multi-stage restoration strategy to solve the service restoration problem in distribution systems considering the uncertainty of outage duration. Furthermore, it also proposes a restoration index defined in terms of (i) priority of the load restored, (ii) number of switching operations, and (iii) estimated likelihood of the restoration solution to assist the utility in enhanced decision-making. Service restoration is formulated as a single objective optimisation problem considering the maximising of the restoration index as the only objective. A decentralised multi-agent system method is developed to solve the service restoration problem considering controlled islanding of distributed generators. The uncertainty of outage duration is estimated using the maximum entropy principle-based on the cause of the fault. Exhaustive case studies are implemented on a small 38 bus and a large 119 bus test distribution system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multi-stage restoration strategy to restore the system under outage duration uncertainty.