Class Identification, Deferred Elimination, and Social Reproduction in Education: 'Ontological Ambivalences' Experienced by Working-Class Students at Elite Universities in China

China's transition from a redistributive economy to a market economy has created an evolving and intensifying social class structure that requires a class perspective and class analysis tools to capture reconfigured social relations and new patterns of social inequalities. Drawing on a three-year life-story study of working-class students at elite universities in China and working with Bourdieu's theoretical tools, this article highlights the emotional costs of class mobility and two associated forms of 'ontological ambivalences'. The findings show 'mundane reflexivity' in class struggles against classifications but more importantly, demonstrate the symbolic violence involved therein and indicate the difficulties of individual agency to achieve politically effective resistances. Although based on the specific context of China, this article contributes to reflections on neoliberal policies elsewhere by shedding light on how neoliberalism relates to and enhances class struggles and the significance of adopting a relational class perspective to understand and address social inequalities.