Geraniin selectively promotes cytostasis and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells by inducing catastrophic chromosomal instability

Homeostasis of chromosomal instability (CIN) facilitates the origin and evolution of abnormal karyotypes that are critical for the survival and proliferation of cancer cells, but excessive CIN can result in cellular toxicity. Geraniin is a multifunctional ellagitannin found in some species of Geranium and Phyllanthus. We employed the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay to evaluate the CIN, nuclear division index (NDI) and apoptosis induced by geraniin in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Colo205 and Colo320) and human colon mucosal epithelial cells (NCM460). Cells were exposed to 25, 50 or 100 mu g/ml geraniin for 24, 48 or 72 h. 0.05 mu g/ml mitomycin C was used as a positive control and media as a negative control. The results showed that, compared to negative controls, geraniin significantly reduced NDI (P < 0.01) and increased CIN (P < 0.01) and apoptosis (P < 0.05) in Colo205 and Colo320 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Conversely, geraniin significantly increased NDI (P < 0.05) and decreased CIN (P < 0.001) and apoptosis (P < 0.01) in NCM460 cells. Moreover, CIN was positively associated with apoptosis (r = 0.437, P < 0.001) and negatively associated with NDI (r = -0.744, P < 0.001) in these cells. Together, our results highlight that the induction of catastrophic CIN may underlie the antitumor potential of geraniin. Our data also suggest that geraniin can decrease the risk of oncogenic transformation via decreasing CIN in normal cells.