Epidemiology and Natural History of Penile Cancer

被引:150
作者
Pow-Sang, Mariela R. [1 ]
Ferreira, Ubirajara
Pow-Sang, Julio M.
Nardi, Aguinaldo C.
Destefano, Victor
机构
[1] Inst Nacl Enfermedades Neoplas, Dept Urol, Lima 34, Peru
关键词
SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA; HUMAN-PAPILLOMAVIRUS DNA; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RISK-FACTORS; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; SEXUAL PARTNERS; UNITED-STATES; INFECTION; MEN; CIRCUMCISION;
D O I
10.1016/j.urology.2010.03.003
中图分类号
R5 [内科学]; R69 [泌尿科学(泌尿生殖系疾病)];
学科分类号
1002 ; 100201 ;
摘要
An extensive literature search was performed using the key words squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, phimosis, circumcision, chronic balanitis, cigarette smoking, genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. All selected studies were classified according to the level of evidence (LE). The final grades of recommendation were assigned after discussion by the full panel of the International Consultation on Penile Cancer in November 2008. The factors positively associated with invasive penile cancers include the presence of phimosis (LE 3a), tobacco smoking (LE 3a-4), chewing tobacco (LE 3a), injury to the penis (LE 3a), balanitis (LE 3a), genital warts (LE 3a), and high-risk HPV infection (LE 3a-4). UROLOGY 76 (Suppl 2A): S2-S6, 2010. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc.
引用
收藏
页码:S2 / S6
页数:5
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