A meta-analysis of the effects of music in tourism and hospitality settings

Music is a key and heavily researched stimulus in tourism and hospitality service settings. However, this growing body of research has produced contradictory results in terms of direction, strength, and statistical significance, rendering conclusions and evidence-based decisions questionable and precarious. This meta-analysis of 56 studies and 209 effects quantitatively synthesizes empirical evidence regarding the influence of music in tourism and hospitality service settings. We consider five dimensions of music and assess their effects on a wide range of customers' organismic reactions and behavioral responses. The results indicate that it is not so much the presence of music but the design of it that influences customers. In addition, the preferential dimensions of music have a much stronger influence on customers than the physical dimensions of music. The large number of relationships examined offers practical guidance to professionals on the effective use of music in tourism and hospitality settings.