The Association between Smoking and Anal Human Papillomavirus in the HPV Infection in Men Study

Background: Previous studies show an association between smoking and anal cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the association between smoking and anal HPV (human papillo-mavirus) prevalence, incidence, and persistence in men. Methods: The HPV Infection in Men (HIM) Study is a multinational study that enrolled HIV-negative men. At baseline and follow-up visits, anal specimens were collected. HPV geno-typing was assessed by linear array. Prevalence ratios (PR) were used to assess the association between smoking and anal HPV prevalence. Odds ratios (OR) were used to assess the association between smoking and anal HPV incidence and >= 12-months persistence. Results: Current smokers have a higher prevalence [adjusted PR (aPR), 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.73) and incidence [adjusted OR (aOR), 1.74; 95% CI, 1.26-2.39] and >= 12-months persistence (aOR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.19-2.33) of any anal HPV compared with never smokers. There were no differences in the prevalence, incidence, or persistence of anal HPV between former and never smokers. Smoking status was not associated with the prevalence or persistence of anal HPV among men who have sex with men but was associated with higher incidence of HR-HPV. Among men that have sex with women (MSW), current smokers had an increased prevalence and incidence of LR-HPV compared with never smokers. Conclusions: Current smokers had a higher prevalence, persistence, and incidence of HPV compared with never smokers. Further research is needed to assess the role smoking in anal HPV persis-tence and progression to disease. Impact: Prevention initiatives should raise awareness about smoking and the risk factor of anal HPV infection and anal cancer.