Brain retractor systems

Objective: Reviews of the brain retractor evolution are described. Instrument characteristics as well as the physiopathological and histopathological damage of the brain are induced by brain retraction. Materials and methods: The literature related to the brain retractor was reviewed. Journals, books, personal testimony, government patents, and electronic media databases were analysed. Results: The brain retractor started as a hand-held flat ribbon manufactured on copper and stainless steel. This shape evolved into a shovel. Several shapes acquired from the early period were from a tappered, spoon shape covered by silicone. The posterior evolution was the development of the articulate arm, fixed to the skull or to the self-retaining subcutaneous retractor, or attached to a frame or to a stereotactic instrument. The pressure monitor was the most important safety addition. Conclusion: In conclusion, a better monitor system needs to be developed to avoid brain injury.