Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of multi-elements-doped ZrO2 for degradation of indigo carmine

In this study, C,N,S-doped ZrO2 and a series of Eu doped C,N,S-ZrO2 photocatalysts were synthesized by a coprecipitation method using thiourea as the source of C, N and S and Eu(NO3)center dot 6H(2)O as source of Eu. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Indigo carmine (IC) was chosen as a model for organic pollutants and used to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of the photocatalysts under simulated solar light. Commercial ZrO2 was used as a reference material. XRD and Raman results indicated the formation of both tetragonal and monoclinic phase ZrO2 with particle size ranging from 8-30 nm. Multi-element doping had a great influence on the optical responses manifested as red shift in the absorption edge. The highest photocatalytic activity towards IC was observed for the Eu,C,N,S-doped ZrO2 (0.6 mol.% Eu) sample (k=1.09x10(-2) min(-1)). The commercial ZrO2 showed the lowest photo-degradation activity (k=5.83x10(-4) min(-1)). The results showed that the control of Eu doping in the C, N, S-ZrO2 was very important in reducing electron-hole recombination. The synergistic effect of Eu, C, N, and S in the ZrO2 matrix led to enhanced utilization of simulated solar energy for the degradation of IC through narrowing of bandgaps.