Trimethylamine N-oxide and hip fracture and bone mineral density in older adults: The cardiovascular health study

Context: Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) may adversely affect bone by inducing oxidative stress. Whether this translates into increased fracture risk in older adults is uncertain. Objective: Determine the associations of plasma TMAO with hip fracture and bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults. Design and setting: Cox hazard models and linear regression stratified by sex examined the associations of TMAO with hip fracture and BMD in the longitudinal cohort of the Cardiovascular Health Study. Participants: 5019 U.S. adults aged >= 65 years. Exposure: Plasma TMAO. Main Outcome Measures: Incident hip fractures; total hip BMD dual x-ray absorptiometry in a subset (n = 1400). Results: Six hundred sixty-six incident hip fractures occurred during up to 26 years of follow-up (67,574 personyears). After multivariable adjustment, TMAO was not significantly associated with hip fracture (women: hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 1.00[0.92,1.09] per TMAO doubling; men: 1.12[0.95,1.33]). TMAO was also not associated with total hip BMD (women: BMD difference [95% CI] of 0.42 g/cm(2)*100 [ 0.34,1.17] per TMAO doubling; men: 0.19[ 1.04,1.42]). In exploratory analyses, we found an interaction between body mass index (BMI) and the association of TMAO with hip fracture (P < 0.01). Higher TMAO was significantly associated with risk of hip fracture in adults with overweight or obesity (BMI >= 25) (HR [95% CI]:1.17 [1.05,1.31]), but not normal or underweight. Conclusions: Among older US men and women, TMAO was not significantly associated with risk of hip fracture or BMD overall. Exploratory analyses suggested a significant association between higher TMAO and hip fracture when BMI was elevated, which merits further study.