Genotoxicity of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic and a commercial formulation, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid dimethylamine salt.: I.: Evaluation of DNA damage and cytogenetic endpoints in Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cells

Genotoxicity of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and a commercially-used derivative, 2,4-D dimethylamine salt (2,4-D DMA), was evaluated in CHO cells using SCE and single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays. Log-phase cells were treated with 2.0-10.0mug/ml of herbicides and harvested 24 and 36h later for SCE analysis. Both agents induced significant dose-dependent increases in SCE, regardless of the harvesting time (2,4-D: r = 0.98 and r = 0.88, P < 0.01, for 24 and 36h harvesting times; 2,4-D DMA: r = 0.97 and r = 0.88, P < 0.01, for 24 and 36 h harvesting times). Neither test compound altered cell-cycle progression or proliferative replication index (P > 0.05), but the higher doses of both compounds reduced the mitotic index of cultures harvested at 24 and 36 h (P < 0.05). A 90-min treatment with 2.0-10.0 mug/ml 2,4-D and 2,4-D DMA produced dose-dependent increases in the frequency of DNA-strand breaks detected in the SCGE assay, both in cultures harvested immediately after treatment and in cultures harvested 36 h later. The doses of 2,4-D and 2,4-D DMA were equally genotoxic in all of the assays. The results indicate that 2,4-D induces SCE and DNA damage in mammalian cells, and should be considered as potentially hazardous to humans. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.