NuSTAR observations of a repeatedly microflaring active region

被引:21
作者
Cooper, Kristopher [1 ]
Hannah, Iain G. [1 ]
Grefenstette, Brian W. [2 ]
Glesener, Lindsay [3 ]
Krucker, Sam [4 ,5 ]
Hudson, Hugh S. [1 ,5 ]
White, Stephen M. [6 ]
Smith, David M. [7 ,8 ]
Duncan, Jessie [3 ]
机构
[1] Univ Glasgow, Sch Phys & Astron, Univ Ave, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland
[2] CALTECH, Cahill Ctr Astrophys, 1216 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
[3] Univ Minnesota Twin Cities, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
[4] Univ Appl Sci & Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Sch Engn, CH-5210 Windisch, Switzerland
[5] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[6] Air Force Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87123 USA
[7] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
[8] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
基金
美国国家航空航天局;
关键词
Sun: activity; Sun: corona; Sun: flares; Sun: magnetic fields; Sun:; X-rays; gamma-rays; DEEPEST SOLAR MINIMUM; X-RAY; PAST CENTURY; QUIET SUN; STATISTICS; SPECTROSCOPY; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; NANOFLARES; EMISSION;
D O I
10.1093/mnras/stab2283
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
We investigate the spatial, temporal, and spectral properties of 10 microflares from AR12721 on 2018 September 9 and 10 observed in X-rays using the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray and the Solar Dynamic Observatory's Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. We find GOES sub-A class equivalent microflare energies of 10(26)-10(28) erg reaching temperatures up to 10 MK with consistent quiescent or hot active region (AR) core plasma temperatures of 3-4 MK. One microflare (SOL2018-09-09T10:33), with an equivalent GOES class of A0.1, has non-thermal hard X-ray emission during its impulsive phase (of non-thermal power similar to 7 x 10(24) erg s(-1)) making it one of the faintest X-ray microflares to have direct evidence for accelerated electrons. In 4 of the 10 microflares, we find that the X-ray time profile matches fainter and more transient sources in the extreme-ultraviolet, highlighting the need for observations sensitive to only the hottest material that reaches temperatures higher than those of the AR core (>5 MK). Evidence for corresponding photospheric magnetic flux cancellation/emergence present at the footpoints of eight microflares is also observed.
引用
收藏
页码:3936 / 3951
页数:16
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