Fracture-dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine without neurological deficit: a report of two cases and literature review

Introduction We report two cases of fracture-dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine without neurological deficit and outline the putative mechanisms responsible for the escape of neural tissues from injurious forces and the surgical management strategies for this type of injury. We also review similar cases described in the literature. Case reports A 24-year-old female with post-traumatic fracture dislocation at the T10-T11 level without neurological deficit, along with a right femoral shaft fracture, was managed with laminectomy of T10-T11 levels with bilateral facetectomy and transpedicular screws and with an intramedullary interlocking nail for the femur fracture. Another 26-year-old female (post-traumatic fracture dislocation at the T12 - L1 level treated by open reduction and pedicle screw instrumentation elsewhere) presented with implant failure and re-dislocation which was managed with laminectomy of T12- L1 levels, facetectomy and discectomy, and deformity correction, followed by 9 mm x 25 mm bullet cage insertion and fixation using transpedicular screws. Neurological function was preserved postoperatively. Both individuals returned to household activity 6 months postoperatively. Discussion Fracture-dislocations of the thoracolumbar spine without neurological deficit have been infrequently reported. The mechanism responsible for the preservation of normal neurological function; is either posterior element fractures leading to free-floating laminae or a fracture-separation of the vertebral arch, in which pedicle fractures allow the posterior elements to remain nearly aligned, with preservation of the spinal canal integrity and maintenance of normal spinal cord function. These fracture-dislocations need to be managed carefully to achieve a good outcome.