Multistage dolomitization in the Qal'eh Dokhtar Formation (Middle-Upper Jurassic), Central Iran: petrographic and geochemical evidence

The late Jurassic Qal'eh Dokhtar Formation lithologically comprises three parts, from bottom to top, a lower sandstone unit, middle shale unit and an upper carbonate unit, which extend in a N-S direction over a wide area to the east of the Shotori Range and west of the Lut Block (Central Iran). This succession was deposited on a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp. Carbonate rocks of the Qal'eh Dokhtar Formation vary from undolomitized, to partly dolomitized, to completely dolomitized. Field observations from two measured sections (the type section, 955m thick, and the Sorond section, 639m thick), combined with detailed petrographic and geochemical analyses, revealed the diverse types of dolomite in this formation. Five types of replacement dolomite and one type of dolomite cement were distinguished. Replacement dolomites (RD) consist of: (1) fine crystalline planar-s (RD1); (2) medium crystalline planar-s (RD2); (3) medium crystalline planar-e (RD3); (4) coarse crystalline planar-s (RD4); and (5) coarse crystalline planar-e (RD5). Coarse crystalline planar dolomite cements (DC) were observed in low abundance and filling dissolution voids and fractures. Variation in dolomite types is mainly related to early to late diagenetic processes leading to changes in composition of the dolomitizing fluids. Replacement dolomites are non-stoichiometric (Ca43-56-Mg34-45) with Sr, Mn and Fe concentrations of 41-138ppm, 168-919ppm and 5000-21000ppm, respectively. These dolomites are characterized by O-18 values ranging from 0.0 to -11.8 parts per thousand VPDB and C-13 values of +1.1 to +3.2 parts per thousand VPDB. These values are depleted in O-18 relative to the postulated values for late Jurassic dolomites precipitated in equilibrium with seawater, while C-13 values are within the range of Jurassic seawater dolomite values. Fluid inclusion data of RD4, RD5 and DC yield homogenization temperatures of 72 to 118 degrees C. Based on petrographic, fluid inclusion microthermometric data and geochemical results, the replacement dolomites in the Qal'eh Dokhtar Formation are interpreted to have formed in the subsurface at shallow to intermediate burial depths. These dolomites were then recrystallized at increased burial depths and temperatures. Seawater was the major source of Mg2+ for early diagenetic dolomite (DR1), while Mg2+ for late diagenetic dolomites was provided from diagenesis of clay minerals in shales and mechanical compaction of mudstone in the Qal'eh Dokhtar Formation. The dolomite cement is postdated by coarsely crystalline mosaic calcite cement indicating that diagenetic fluids eventually became undersaturated with respect to dolomite and oversaturated with respect to calcite. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.