Numerical modeling of energy dissipation of internal solitary waves encountering step topography

In this study, we conducted simulation experiments using a large-eddy simulation method to examine the interaction of internal solitary waves (ISWs) with step topography. We investigated the propagation, transmission, reflection, and breaking of depression ISWs. The features of ISW depend on the geometrical parameters of the step topography that define the initial setting. The relationships between the ISWs geometric and energy loss features as well as the initial setting parameters were analyzed; related empirical relations were developed. Following the analysis of the vortex changes during the process of wave-topography interaction, the different breaking processes and their development rules were discussed. The results showed that, as the obstacle height increased, the degree of energy conversion during the interaction increased. There is no explicit relationship between the loss of energy and energy conversion during the interaction of an ISW with an obstacle. The maximum wave energy loss obtained by eliminating the effect of the tailed wave generated during wave generation and considering the energy conversion is approximately 5%-10% lower than that obtained with traditional methods. Additionally, the mode-2 ISW was detected during the wave-topography interaction, and its velocity profiles in the vertical direction were analyzed, which may be one of the reasons for the accelerated energy dissipation in the system.