Laser spectroscopy of pionic helium atoms

Charged pions(1) are the lightest and longest-lived mesons. Mesonic atoms are formed when an orbital electron in an atom is replaced by a negatively charged meson. Laser spectroscopy of these atoms should permit the mass and other properties of the meson to be determined with high precision and could place upper limits on exotic forces involving mesons (as has been done in other experiments on antiprotons(2-9)). Determining the mass of the pi(-) meson in particular could help to place direct experimental constraints on the mass of the muon antineutrino(10-13). However, laser excitations of mesonic atoms have not been previously achieved because of the small number of atoms that can be synthesized and their typically short (less than one picosecond) lifetimes against absorption of the mesons into the nuclei(1). Metastable pionic helium (pi He-4(+)) is a hypothetical(14-16) three-body atom composed of a helium-4 nucleus, an electron and a pi(-) occupying a Rydberg state of large principal (n approximate to 16) and orbital angular momentum (l approximate to n - 1) quantum numbers. The pi He-4(+) atom is predicted to have an anomalously long nanosecond-scale lifetime, which could allow laser spectroscopy to be carried out(17). Its atomic structure is unique owing to the absence of hyperfine interactions(18,19) between the spin-0 pi(-) and the He-4 nucleus. Here we synthesize pi He-4(+) in a superfluid-helium target and excite the transition (n, l) = (17, 16) -> (17, 15) of the pi(-)-occupied pi He-4(+) orbital at a near-infrared resonance frequency of 183,760 gigahertz. The laser initiates electromagnetic cascade processes that end with the nucleus absorbing the pi(-) and undergoing fission(20,21). The detection of emerging neutron, proton and deuteron fragments signals the laser-induced resonance in the atom, thereby confirming the presence of pi He-4(+). This work enables the use of the experimental techniques of quantum optics to study a meson. Long-lived pionic helium atoms (composed of a helium-4 nucleus, an electron and a negatively charged pion) are synthesized in a superfluid-helium target, as confirmed by laser spectroscopy involving the pion-occupied orbitals.