Why and when do consumers perform green behaviors? An examination of regulatory focus and ethical ideology

This research builds upon Hunt and Vitell's ethical decision-making model to examine consumers' engagement in green behaviors. Using survey data collected from Hong Kong and the United States and with structural equation modelling and bootstrap analyses, it shows that consumers' prevention focus and promotion focus positively affect their ethical idealism (beta(HK,US) = 0.29, 0.19) and relativism (beta(HK,US) = 0.15, 0.21), respectively. Furthermore, idealism positively influences consumers' corresponding ethical judgments (beta(HK,US) = 0.18, 0.31) and decisions, and this influence is higher when the focal green behavior is high in moral intensity (beta(HK,US) = 0.13, 0.12). Contrarily, ethical relativism has a negative impact on the same judgments (beta(HK,US) = -0.11, -0.10) and decisions, and this impact is stronger when consumers' attention to social comparison information is low (beta(HK,US) = 0.10, 0.11). This research contributes to the literature on green behaviors, regulatory focus and consumer ethics, and offers practical insights into promoting green behaviors among consumers.