[1] Open Univ, Dept Life Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England
[2] Univ Lancaster, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England
[3] Univ Bremen, Inst Ecol, FB 2, DE-28359 Bremen, Germany
[4] Univ Utrecht, Sect Landscape Ecol, Dept Geobiol, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands
[5] Univ Bordeaux 1, INRA, Equipe Ecol Communautes, UMR Biodivers Genes & Communities 1202, F-33405 Talence, France
[6] Energy Res Ctr Netherlands, Dept Air Qual & Climate Change, NL-1755 ZG Petten, Netherlands
[7] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, B WARE Res Ctr, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
[8] NERC Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Penicuik EH26 0QB, Midlothian, Scotland
[9] NERC Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England
[10] Univ Bergen, Dept Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
[11] Norwegian Inst Nat Res, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
[12] Univ Paul Verlaine, LIEBE, CNRS, UFR Sci FA,UMR 7146, F-57070 Metz, France
[13] Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Dept Environm & Geog Sci, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, England