Classification, diagnosis, and treatment of vascular malformations

Background: In the 1980s, vascular anomalies were divided into two major subgroups-vascular tumors and vascular malformations-based on the functional framework. This concept has been fundamental to the management of vascular anomalies and expanded and refined by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. Vascular malformations are further sub-divided into several types; however, there are many cases with insufficient information about the disease. Current Concepts: Several instances have shown that the diagnosis of vascular malformations can be achieved after a careful evaluation of patient history and examination. However, recently developed imaging technology has been of great help in the diagnosis. Doppler ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography scan, and angiography are valuable tools for diagnostic and therapeutic planning. Advanced diagnostic and therapeutic technologies have also provided more accurate and safer diagnoses and appropriate treatment. Recently, an improved method of managing vascular malformations has emerged, based on a multidisciplinary approach, which is very useful for increasing the treatment efficacy. The development of gene research has enabled the investigation of disease-related genes and the development of new medications. Discussion and Conclusion: Accurate diagnosis of vascular malformations is one of the most crucial factors in determining treatment plan and prognosis, based on which it would be possible to achieve effective results through appropriate management and a multidisciplinary team approach.