Migraine Aura: Updates in Pathophysiology and Management

Purpose of Review To provide an updated review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of migraine with aura. Recent Findings Thalamic and other subcortical regions may play a role in the pathophysiology of migraine. There is inter-patient and intra-patient attack variability in the characteristics of typical aura especially visual aura symptoms. Migraine with brainstem aura may originate cortically. Migraine with retinal aura may be associated with structural and functional changes in the retina. Although cortical spreading depression (CSD) continues to be the predominant theory surrounding the pathophysiology of migraine with aura, the exact mechanism of action of CSD and its role in relation of all phases of migraine including features of aura are not fully understood. Novel experimental models and newer diagnostic tools including neuroimaging are currently being used to enhance of understanding of migraine with and without aura. Transient ischemia attacks, stroke, and epilepsy should be considered in your differential diagnosis of migraine with aura. There are no specific therapies for migraine with aura.