SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF MARKARIAN 501: QUIESCENT STATE VERSUS EXTREME OUTBURST

被引:71
作者
Acciari, V. A. [1 ]
Arlen, T. [2 ]
Aune, T. [3 ,4 ]
Beilicke, M. [5 ]
Benbow, W. [1 ]
Boettcher, M. [6 ]
Boltuch, D. [7 ,8 ]
Bradbury, S. M. [9 ]
Buckley, J. H. [5 ]
Bugaev, V. [5 ]
Cannon, A. [10 ]
Cesarini, A. [11 ]
Ciupik, L. [12 ]
Cui, W. [13 ]
Dickherber, R. [5 ]
Duke, C. [14 ]
Errando, M. [15 ,28 ]
Falcone, A. [16 ]
Finley, J. P. [13 ]
Finnegan, G. [17 ]
Fortson, L. [12 ]
Furniss, A. [3 ,4 ]
Galante, N. [1 ]
Gall, D. [13 ]
Godambe, S. [17 ]
Grube, J. [12 ]
Guenette, R. [18 ]
Gyuk, G. [12 ]
Hanna, D. [18 ]
Holder, J. [7 ,8 ]
Huang, D. [19 ]
Hui, C. M. [17 ]
Humensky, T. B. [20 ]
Imran, A. [21 ]
Kaaret, P. [22 ]
Karlsson, N. [12 ]
Kertzman, M. [23 ]
Kieda, D. [17 ]
Konopelko, A. [19 ]
Krawczynski, H. [5 ]
Krennrich, F. [21 ]
Madhavan, A. S. [21 ]
Maier, G. [18 ]
McArthur, S. [5 ]
McCann, A. [18 ]
Moriarty, P. [24 ]
Ong, R. A. [2 ]
Otte, A. N. [3 ,4 ]
Pandel, D. [22 ]
Perkins, J. S. [1 ]
机构
[1] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Fred Lawrence Whipple Observ, Amado, AZ 85645 USA
[2] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
[3] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
[4] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
[5] Washington Univ, Dept Phys, St Louis, MO 63130 USA
[6] Ohio Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Inst Astrophys, Athens, OH 45701 USA
[7] Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA
[8] Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA
[9] Univ Leeds, Sch Phys & Astron, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England
[10] Univ Coll Dublin, Sch Phys, Dublin 4, Ireland
[11] Natl Univ Ireland Galway, Sch Phys, Galway, Ireland
[12] Adler Planetarium & Astron Museum, Dept Astron, Chicago, IL 60605 USA
[13] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
[14] Grinnell Coll, Dept Phys, Grinnell, IA 50112 USA
[15] Columbia Univ, Barnard Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA
[16] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA
[17] Univ Utah, Dept Phys & Astron, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
[18] McGill Univ, Dept Phys, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada
[19] Pittsburg State Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburg, KS 66762 USA
[20] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
[21] Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA
[22] Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
[23] DePauw Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Greencastle, IN 46135 USA
[24] Galway Mayo Inst Technol, Dept Life & Phys Sci, Galway, Ireland
[25] Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
[26] Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
[27] Cork Inst Technol, Dept Appl Phys & Instrumentat, Cork, Ireland
[28] IFAE, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
[29] INAF Natl Inst Astrophys, I-00136 Rome, Italy
[30] Univ Siena, Dipartimento Fis, I-53100 Siena, Italy
[31] INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
[32] Tech Univ Dortmund, Fak Phys, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
[33] Univ Complutense, Dept Atom Phys, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
[34] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis, I-35131 Padua, Italy
[35] INFN, I-35131 Padua, Italy
[36] Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 Tenerife, Spain
[37] Depto Astrofis, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain
[38] Univ Lodz, Dept Expt Phys, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland
[39] Univ Turku, Tuorla Observ, FI-51500 Piikkio, Finland
[40] Deutsch Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
[41] ETH, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
[42] Max Planck Inst Phys & Astrophys, D-80805 Munich, Germany
[43] Univ Barcelona, Dept Astron & Meteorol, ICC IEEC, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
[44] Univ Wurzburg, Inst Theoret Phys & Astrophys, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany
[45] Univ Udine, Dipartimento Fis, I-33100 Udine, Italy
[46] INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
[47] IEEC CSIC, Inst Ciencies Espai, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
[48] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain
[49] Univ Rijeka, Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Inst R Boskovic, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
[50] Univ Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
基金
美国国家科学基金会; 加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 爱尔兰科学基金会;
关键词
BL Lacertae objects: individual (Markarian 501=VER J1653+397); galaxies: active; gamma rays: galaxies; radiation mechanisms: non-thermal; X-rays: galaxies; GAMMA-RAY EMISSION; LARGE-AREA TELESCOPE; X-RAY; MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS; RADIATION; PERFORMANCE; EVOLUTION; FLARES; JET;
D O I
10.1088/0004-637X/729/1/2
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
The very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) blazar Markarian 501 (Mrk 501) has a well-studied history of extreme spectral variability and is an excellent laboratory for studying the physical processes within the jets of active galactic nuclei. However, there are few detailed multiwavelength studies of Mrk 501 during its quiescent state, due to its low luminosity. A short-term multiwavelength study of Mrk 501 was coordinated in 2009 March, focusing around a multi-day observation with the Suzaku X-ray satellite and including gamma-ray data from VERITAS, MAGIC, and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope with the goal of providing a well-sampled multiwavelength baseline measurement of Mrk 501 in the quiescent state. The results of these quiescent-state observations are compared to the historically extreme outburst of 1997 April 16, with the goal of examining variability of the spectral energy distribution (SED) between the two states. The derived broadband SED shows the characteristic double-peaked profile. We find that the X-ray peak shifts by over two orders of magnitude in photon energy between the two flux states while the VHE peak varies little. The limited shift in the VHE peak can be explained by the transition to the Klein-Nishina (KN) regime. Synchrotron self-Compton models are matched to the data and the implied KN effects are explored.
引用
收藏
页数:9
相关论文
共 48 条
[1]   INSIGHTS INTO THE HIGH-ENERGY γ-RAY EMISSION OF MARKARIAN 501 FROM EXTENSIVE MULTIFREQUENCY OBSERVATIONS IN THE FERMI ERA [J].
Abdo, A. A. ;
Ackermann, M. ;
Ajello, M. ;
Allafort, A. ;
Baldini, L. ;
Ballet, J. ;
Barbiellini, G. ;
Baring, M. G. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Bechtol, K. ;
Bellazzini, R. ;
Berenji, B. ;
Blandford, R. D. ;
Bloom, E. D. ;
Bonamente, E. ;
Borgland, A. W. ;
Bouvier, A. ;
Brandt, T. J. ;
Bregeon, J. ;
Brez, A. ;
Brigida, M. ;
Bruel, P. ;
Buehler, R. ;
Buson, S. ;
Caliandro, G. A. ;
Cameron, R. A. ;
Cannon, A. ;
Caraveo, P. A. ;
Carrigan, S. ;
Casandjian, J. M. ;
Cavazzuti, E. ;
Cecchi, C. ;
Celik, O. . ;
Charles, E. ;
Chekhtman, A. ;
Cheung, C. C. ;
Chiang, J. ;
Ciprini, S. ;
Claus, R. ;
Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;
Conrad, J. ;
Cutini, S. ;
Dermer, C. D. ;
de Palma, F. ;
do Couto e Silva, E. ;
Drell, P. S. ;
Dubois, R. ;
Dumora, D. ;
Favuzzi, C. ;
Fegan, S. J. .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2011, 727 (02)
[2]   FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE FIRST SOURCE CATALOG [J].
Abdo, A. A. ;
Ackermann, M. ;
Ajello, M. ;
Allafort, A. ;
Antolini, E. ;
Atwood, W. B. ;
Axelsson, M. ;
Baldini, L. ;
Ballet, J. ;
Barbiellini, G. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Baughman, B. M. ;
Bechtol, K. ;
Bellazzini, R. ;
Belli, F. ;
Berenji, B. ;
Bisello, D. ;
Blandford, R. D. ;
Bloom, E. D. ;
Bonamente, E. ;
Bonnell, J. ;
Borgland, A. W. ;
Bouvier, A. ;
Bregeon, J. ;
Brez, A. ;
Brigida, M. ;
Bruel, P. ;
Burnett, T. H. ;
Busetto, G. ;
Buson, S. ;
Caliandro, G. A. ;
Cameron, R. A. ;
Campana, R. ;
Canadas, B. ;
Caraveo, P. A. ;
Carrigan, S. ;
Casandjian, J. M. ;
Cavazzuti, E. ;
Ceccanti, M. ;
Cecchi, C. ;
Celik, Oe. ;
Charles, E. ;
Chekhtman, A. ;
Cheung, C. C. ;
Chiang, J. ;
Cillis, A. N. ;
Ciprini, S. ;
Claus, R. ;
Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;
Conrad, J. .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 2010, 188 (02) :405-436
[3]   Veritas observations of the γ-ray binary LS I+61 303 [J].
Acciari, V. A. ;
Beilicke, M. ;
Blaylock, G. ;
Bradbury, S. M. ;
Buckley, J. H. ;
Bugaev, V. ;
Butt, Y. ;
Byrum, K. L. ;
Celik, O. ;
Cesarini, A. ;
Ciupik, L. ;
Chow, Y. C. K. ;
Cogan, P. ;
Colin, P. ;
Cui, W. ;
Daniel, M. K. ;
Duke, C. ;
Ergin, T. ;
Falcone, A. D. ;
Fegan, S. J. ;
Finley, J. P. ;
Fortin, P. ;
Fortson, L. F. ;
Gall, D. ;
Gibbs, K. ;
Gillanders, G. H. ;
Grube, J. ;
Guenette, R. ;
Hanna, D. ;
Hays, E. ;
Holder, J. ;
Horan, D. ;
Hughes, S. B. ;
Hui, C. M. ;
Humensky, T. B. ;
Kaaret, P. ;
Kieda, D. B. ;
Kildea, J. ;
Konopelko, A. ;
Krawczynski, H. ;
Krennrich, F. ;
Lang, M. J. ;
LeBohec, S. ;
Lee, K. ;
Maier, G. ;
McCann, A. ;
McCutcheon, M. ;
Millis, J. ;
Moriarty, P. ;
Mukherjee, R. .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2008, 679 (02) :1427-1432
[4]   TeV gamma rays from BL Lac objects due to synchrotron radiation of extremely high energy protons [J].
Aharonian, FA .
NEW ASTRONOMY, 2000, 5 (07) :377-395
[5]   Reanalysis of the high energy cutoff of the 1997 Mkn 501 TeV energy spectrum [J].
Aharonian, FA ;
Akhperjanian, AG ;
Barrio, JA ;
Bernlöhr, K ;
Bolz, O ;
Börst, H ;
Bojahr, H ;
Contreras, JL ;
Cortina, J ;
Denninghoff, S ;
Fonseca, V ;
Gonzalez, JC ;
Götting, N ;
Heinzelmann, G ;
Hermann, G ;
Heusler, A ;
Hofmann, W ;
Horns, D ;
Ibarra, A ;
Iserlohe, C ;
Jung, I ;
Kankanyan, R ;
Kestel, M ;
Kettler, J ;
Kohnle, A ;
Konopelko, A ;
Kornmeyer, H ;
Kranich, D ;
Krawczynski, H ;
Lampeitl, H ;
Lorenz, E ;
Lucarelli, F ;
Magnussen, N ;
Mang, O ;
Meyer, H ;
Mirzoyan, R ;
Moralejo, A ;
Padilla, L ;
Panter, M ;
Plaga, R ;
Plyasheshnikov, A ;
Prahl, J ;
Pühlhofer, G ;
Rhode, W ;
Röhring, A ;
Rowell, GP ;
Sahakian, V ;
Samorski, M ;
Schilling, M ;
Schröder, F .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2001, 366 (01) :62-67
[6]   Implementation of the Random Forest method for the Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope MAGIC [J].
Albert, J. ;
Aliu, E. ;
Anderhub, H. ;
Antoranz, P. ;
Armada, A. ;
Asensio, M. ;
Baixeras, C. ;
Barrio, J. A. ;
Bartko, H. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Becker, J. ;
Bednarek, W. ;
Berger, K. ;
Bigongiari, C. ;
Biland, A. ;
Bock, R. K. ;
Bordas, P. ;
Bosch-Ramon, V. ;
Bretz, T. ;
Britvitch, I. ;
Camara, M. ;
Carmona, E. ;
Chilingarian, A. ;
Ciprini, S. ;
Coarasa, J. A. ;
Commichau, S. ;
Contreras, J. L. ;
Cortina, J. ;
Costado, M. T. ;
Curtef, V. ;
Danielyan, V. ;
Dazzi, F. ;
De Angelis, A. ;
Delgado, C. ;
de los Reyes, R. ;
De Lotto, B. ;
Domingo-Santamaria, E. ;
Dorner, D. ;
Doro, M. ;
Errando, M. ;
Fagiolini, M. ;
Ferenc, D. ;
Fernandez, E. ;
Firpo, R. ;
Flix, J. ;
Fonseca, M. V. ;
Font, L. ;
Fuchs, M. ;
Galante, N. ;
Garcia-Lopez, R. J. .
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2008, 588 (03) :424-432
[7]   VHE γ-ray observation of the Crab Nebula and its pulsar with the MAGIC telescope [J].
Albert, J. ;
Aliu, E. ;
Anderhub, H. ;
Antoranz, P. ;
Armada, A. ;
Baixeras, C. ;
Barrio, J. A. ;
Bartko, H. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Becker, J. K. ;
Bednarek, W. ;
Berger, K. ;
Bigongiari, C. ;
Biland, A. ;
Bock, R. K. ;
Bordas, P. ;
Bosch-Ramon, V. ;
Bretz, T. ;
Britvitch, I. ;
Camara, M. ;
Carmona, E. ;
Chilingarian, A. ;
Coarasa, J. A. ;
Commichau, S. ;
Contreras, J. L. ;
Cortina, J. ;
Costado, M. T. ;
Curtef, V. ;
Danielyan, V. ;
Dazzi, F. ;
De Angelis, A. ;
Delgado, C. ;
de los Reyes, R. ;
De Lotto, B. ;
Domingo-Santamaria, E. ;
Dorner, D. ;
Doro, M. ;
Errando, M. ;
Fagiolini, M. ;
Ferenc, D. ;
Fernandez, E. ;
Firpo, R. ;
Flix, J. ;
Fonseca, M. V. ;
Font, L. ;
Fuchs, M. ;
Galante, N. ;
Garcia-Lopez, R. ;
Garczarczyk, M. ;
Gaug, M. .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2008, 674 (02) :1037-1055
[8]   Unfolding of differential energy spectra in the MAGIC experiment [J].
Albert, J. ;
Aliu, E. ;
Anderhub, H. ;
Antoranz, P. ;
Armada, A. ;
Asensio, M. ;
Baixeras, C. ;
Barrio, J. A. ;
Bartko, H. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Becker, J. ;
Bednarek, W. ;
Berger, K. ;
Bigongiari, C. ;
Biland, A. ;
Bock, R. K. ;
Bordas, P. ;
Bosch-Ramon, V. ;
Bretz, T. ;
Britvitch, I. ;
Camara, M. ;
Carmona, E. ;
Chilingarian, A. ;
Ciprini, S. ;
Coarasa, J. A. ;
Commichau, S. ;
Contreras, J. L. ;
Cortina, J. ;
Costado, M. T. ;
Curtef, V. ;
Danielyan, V. ;
Dazzi, F. ;
De Angelis, A. ;
Delgado, C. ;
Reyes, R. de los ;
De Lotto, B. ;
Domingo-Santamaria, E. ;
Dorner, D. ;
Doro, M. ;
Errando, M. ;
Fagiolini, M. ;
Ferenc, D. ;
Fernandez, E. ;
Firpo, R. ;
Flix, J. ;
Fonseca, M. V. ;
Font, L. ;
Fuchs, M. ;
Galante, N. ;
Garcia-Lopez, R. J. .
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2007, 583 (2-3) :494-506
[9]   Variable very high energy γ-ray emission from Markarian 501 [J].
Albert, J. ;
Aliu, E. ;
Anderhub, H. ;
Antoranz, P. ;
Armada, A. ;
Baixeras, C. ;
Barrio, J. A. ;
Bartko, H. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Becker, J. K. ;
Bednarek, W. ;
Berger, K. ;
Bigongiari, C. ;
Biland, A. ;
Bock, R. K. ;
Bordas, P. ;
Bosch-Ramon, V. ;
Bretz, T. ;
Britvitch, I. ;
Camara, M. ;
Carmona, E. ;
Chilingarian, A. ;
Coarasa, J. A. ;
Commichau, S. ;
Contreras, J. L. ;
Cortina, J. ;
Costado, M. T. ;
Curtef, V. ;
Danielyan, V. ;
Dazzi, F. ;
De Angelis, A. ;
Delgado, C. ;
de los Reyes, R. ;
De Lotto, B. ;
Domingo-Santamaria, E. ;
Dorner, D. ;
Doro, M. ;
Errando, M. ;
Fagiolini, M. ;
Ferenc, D. ;
Fernandez, E. ;
Firpo, R. ;
Flix, J. ;
Fonseca, M. V. ;
Font, L. ;
Fuchs, M. ;
Galante, N. ;
Garcia-Lopez, R. J. ;
Garczarczyk, M. ;
Gaug, M. .
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2007, 669 (02) :862-883
[10]   Improving the performance of the single-dish Cherenkov telescope MAGIC through the use of signal timing [J].
Aliu, E. ;
Anderhub, H. ;
Antonelli, L. A. ;
Antoranz, P. ;
Backes, M. ;
Baixeras, C. ;
Barrio, J. A. ;
Bartko, H. ;
Bastieri, D. ;
Becker, J. K. ;
Bednarek, W. ;
Berger, K. ;
Bernardini, E. ;
Biland, A. ;
Bock, R. K. ;
Bonnoli, G. ;
Bordas, P. ;
Tridon, D. Borla ;
Bosch-Ramon, V. ;
Bretz, T. ;
Britvitch, I. ;
Camara, M. ;
Carmona, E. ;
Chilingarian, A. ;
Commichau, S. ;
Contreras, J. L. ;
Cortina, J. ;
Costado, M. T. ;
Covino, S. ;
Curtef, V. ;
Dazzi, F. ;
De Angelis, A. ;
del Pozo, E. de Cea ;
de los Reyes, R. ;
De Lotto, B. ;
De Maria, M. ;
De Sabata, F. ;
Mendez, C. Delgado ;
Dominguez, A. ;
Dorner, D. ;
Doro, M. ;
Elsaesser, D. ;
Errando, M. ;
Fagiolini, M. ;
Ferenc, D. ;
Fernandez, E. ;
Firpo, R. ;
Fonseca, M. V. ;
Font, L. ;
Galante, N. .
ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS, 2009, 30 (06) :293-305