RNA recognition by the human U1A protein is mediated by a network of local cooperative interactions that create the optimal binding surface

One of the most common structural motifs in RNA-binding proteins is the RNA-binding domain (RBD). These domains share a common alpha/beta sandwich tertiary fold, and are highly conserved, though they bind diverse RNA targets with a wide range of binding affinities. The N-terminal RNA-binding domain (RBD1) of the human U1A protein binds specifically to stem/loop II of the U1 snRNA with sub-nanomolar affinity. Solvent-exposed aromatic residues on the beta-sheet surface are highly conserved among RED domains; in RBD1, these are Tyr13 and Phe56, with a unique Gin at position 54. Effects of substitutions at these positions were examined using energetic pairwise coupling to describe the communication between these residues in both the free and RNA-bound states of the protein. N-15 NMR experiments were used to determine effects of the beta-sheet substitutions on the structural and dynamic properties of this domain. The combination of thermodynamic pairwise coupling and N-15-backbone dynamics provides direct evidence for local cooperative interactions among Y13, Q54, and F56, and a non-conserved loop that directly affect RNA-binding. The results describe how conserved and non-conserved regions of an RBD can communicate with each other to mediate recognition of the RNA. (C) 1999 Academic Press.